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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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taxonomy
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organisms are classified into taxon/taxa
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Order of taxonomy
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Dumb Kinky Ppl Came Over For Good Sex
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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phylogeny
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evolutionary relationships
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systematics
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the study of evolutionary relationships
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Eukaryotic cells
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-chromosomes consist of a very long, linear DNA molecule package with histone proteins
-the chromosomes are enclosed in a nucleus -specialized membrane-enclosed bodies serve to isolate metabolic activities. these bodies or organelles include mitochondria, chloroplasts, the ER & the golgi apparatus -flagella & cilia when present are made of the protein tubulin arranged in "9+2" microtubule arrays |
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Prokaryotic cells
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-a single chromosome consisting of a short circular DNA molecule; histones may or may not be present; some may contain smaller circular dna molecules (plasmids) in addition to the major chromosome
-no nucleus -no organelles -flagella when present consist of globular protein flagellin |
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autotrophs
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-manufacture own organic molecules
-photoautotrophs use light energy (photosynthesis) & chemoautotrophs use energy obtained from inorganic substances [h2s hydrogen sulfide, nh3 ammonia, no2 & no3 nitrogen cpds] |
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heterotrophs
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-obtain their energy by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs
-some contain parasites (obtaining energy from living tissues of host) -saprobes: obtaining energy from dead, decaying matter; aka decomposers |
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obligate aerobes
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must have oxygen to live
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obligate anaerobes
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can survive only in the absence of oxygen
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facultatitve anaerobe
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grows in the presence of oxygen but when oxygen is absent, can switch to an anaerobic metabolism
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Domain Archaea (dissimilar characteristics)
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-archaebacteria
-prokaryotes -differ from other prokaryotes: 1. archael cell walls contain various polysaccharides but not peptidoglycans(bacteria), cellulose(plants) or chitin(fungi) -archael plasma membranes contain phospholipids that differ from the phosholipids of bacteria & eukary. i.e. the glycerol component of phospholipids is an isomer of the glycerol in bacteria & eukaryo. |
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Domain Archaea similar characteristics to Eukaryotes
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-the dna are associated with histone proteins; bacterial dna is not
-ribosome activity in both archaea & eukaryotes is not inhibited by the antibiotics streptomycin & chloramophenicol; in bacteria ribosome activity is inhibited by these antibiotics |
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Methanogens
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-obligate anaerobes that produce methan as a by-product of obtaining energy from H2 to CO2. They live in mud, swamps, and the guts of cows, humans, termites & other animals
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Extremophiles
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-live in environments where environmental conditions are extreme
i.e. halophiles, thermophiles |
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halophiles
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-salt lovers
-live in environments with high salt concentrations -most are aerobic & heterotrophic -others are anaerobic & photosynthetic |
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thermophiles
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-heat lovers
-live in hot 60C to 80C environments such as hot springs or geysers -sulfur based chemoautotrophs |
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Other extremophiles
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-live in high acid environments (ph .7 to 4)
-high base environments (pH 9 to 11) -under high pressures such as hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean |
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Domain Bacteria distinctness
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-eubacteria or true bacteria
-prokaryotes -1.bacterial cell walls =peptidoglycan (polymer of monosaccharide w/amino acid) -2.bacterial dna is not associated with histone proteins -3.ribosome activity is inhibited by the antibiotics streptomycin & chloramphenicol |
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Features used to categorize bacteria:
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1. mode of nutrition or how they metabolize resources
2. their ability to produce endospores (resistant bodies that contain the genetic material & small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall) 3. means of motility; flagella, corkscrew motion, gliding through slimy material that they secrete; flagella [apical/posterior or completely cover the cell] |
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Cyanobacteria
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-photosynthetic; using chlorophyll a to capture light energy splitting h2o and releasing o2 as do plants
-contain phycobillins (accessory pigments) -some have heterocysts (specialized cells that produce nitrogen fixing enzymes) -fix nitrogen gas to ammonia which is used to make nitrogen containing amino acids & nucleotides |
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chemosynthetic bacteria
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-autotrophs
-nitrifying bacteria because they convert nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3) |
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nitrogen fixing bacteria
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-heterotrophs that fix nitrogen
-mutualistic relationships w/plants (both the bacteria & host plant benefit from an independent relationship -lives in nodules (specialized structures in plant roots) |
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spirochetes
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-coiled bacteria
-move in corkscrew motion -flagella are internal, positioned within the layers of the cell wall |
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Kingdom Protista
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-diverse; can resemble any other organisms
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convergent evolution
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the features arose among the groups independently
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algaelike protista
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-or plant-like
-all obtain energy by photosynthesis -all have chlorophyll a but may have various other chlorophylls & different accessory pigments -main features to categorize: chlorophylls/accessory pigments, form of carbohydrate used to store energy, # of flagella if present & makeup of cell walls |
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euglenoid
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-algaelike protista
-1-3 flagella at their apical (leading) end -instead of cellulose cell wall; have protein strips (pellicles)that wrap over their cell membranes -can become heterotrophic in the absence of light -some have eyespot that permits phototaxis [ability to move in response to light] |
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dinoflagellates
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-algaelike protista
-2 flagella -one flagellum is posterior & 2nd is tranverse/rests in an encircling mid groove perpendicular to the first flagellum -bioluminescent -produce nerve toxins |
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diatoms
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-algaelike protista
-have tests(shells) that fit together like a box with a lid -tests consist of silica |
