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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cell Theory |
All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the smallest units of life Cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Functions of LIFE |
Metabolism: chemical reactions inside the cells Growth: irreversible increase in size · Reproduction: producing offspring · Response: react to changes in the environment Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internalenvironment, controlling conditions· Nutrition: compounds needed for energy and nutrients(materials, obtaining food)· Excretion: release of waste products of metabolism |
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Examples: Paramecium and Chlorella p. 5-7 |
Check the book you fool |
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Questioning the cell theory – atypical examples |
Striated muscle: 30mm, many nuclei Giant algae: 100mm, one nucleus Aseptate fungalhyphae |
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Microscopes |
Light microscopeElectron microscope- TEM or SEM (T= transmission, S=scanning) Linear magnification= size of image/ size of specimen |
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The surface area to volume ratio limits the cell size |
A large cell has a relatively less surface area tobring in and get rid of substances than a small cell. Large cell (animal): small surface area to volume Small cell (animal):large surface area to volume |
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Modifications that makes large cells |
Large animals do not have larger cells, they have morecells. Cells that are larger in size have modifications, for example, long,thin shape or infoldings and outfoldings. |
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Unicellular or multicellular organisms & emergent properties |
Unicellular- one cell, ex. Paramecium, ChlorellaOrganisms consisting of only one cell can carry outall functions of life in that cell. Multicellular- many cells, ex. Tree, dog, birdMulticellular organisms have properties that emergefrom the interaction of their cellular components. Emergent properties: thewhole organism is more than the sum of its parts because the complexinteractions between cells. |
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Cell reproduction and differentiation |
Specialized tissues can develop by celldifferentiation in multicellular organisms Differentiation involves the expression of some genesfrom the organism’s genome in the cell, but not others. The capacity of stem cells is to divide and differentiatealong different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makesstem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. Stem cells- retain the ability to divide anddifferentiate Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, can become alldifferent types of cells and even form a complete organism Tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent, produce aspecific tissue type, ex. Blood stem cells to replace the damaged bone marrowfor leukemia patients |
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Stargardt’sdisease |
Inherited defect in the processing of vitamin Aaffecting the light-sensitive cells, the photoceptors, in the retina àloss of central vision à onlyperipheral vision à blindness.Treatment with embryonic stem cells (2010) to protectand regenerate photoceptors. |
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Ethicalissues?! |
Embryonic stem cells from specifically created embryosor “IVF waste embryos” Stem cells from umbilical cord of a newborn baby Stem cells from a donor, ex bone marrow Stem cells from an adult’s own tissues |
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Therapeuticuse: |
Parkinson’s disease – loss of brain cells Alzheimer’s disease – loss of brain cells MS (multiple sclerosis) – loss of brain cells Diabetes – loss of pancreatic cells · Lymphoma – cancer in lymphatic system àbone marrow transplant Leukemia – “bloodcancer” blood from the placenta/umbilical cord transplant to bone marrow |
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Start from 1.2 |
Start from 1.2 |
