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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BASICS
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BASICS
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156. __________ is the assimilation, storage, and synthesis of food molecules.
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156. Anabolism
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157. __________ is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food materials.
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157. Catabolism (Digestion)
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158. What is the order of hydrolysis breakdown for carbohydrates?
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158. Polysaccarides Disaccarides Disacc + Water Monosaccharides
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159. What is the order of hydrolysis breakdown for fats?
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159. Fat + Water Fatty acids & Glycerol
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160. What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
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160. Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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161. What is the organization of the GI tract?
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161. Mucosa(absorb/secrete), Submucosa(Absorb/Glands/ANS), Muscularis externa, serosa
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162. Salivary glands get their primary neural control from what system?
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162. Parasympathetic
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163. What are the components of the alimentary tract?
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163. Esophagus, Stomach, S. Intestine, L. Intestine, Appendix, Anus
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164. Digestion in the stomach is started by what two things?
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164. HCL and pepsin
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165. Where is the submucosal plexus found? The Myentric plexus?
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165. Between submucosa & muscularis : between muscularis & serosa
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166. What are the mediators of the serous acinar cells?
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166. Ach, NE, VIP, Substance P
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167. Describe the cholinergic control mechanism during salivation.
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167. Parasympathetic release of Ach, Ach opens K+ channels, IP3-mediated signal transduction
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168. Describe the adrenergic control mechanism during salvation.
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168. Sympathetic release of NE, cAMP signal transduction
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Systems Physiology Test 2Q
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Systems Physiology Test 2A
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KRS Study Guides 2007 : Quiz Questions : Sarkar : “I teach. You larne.”
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KRS Study Guides 2007 : Quiz Answers : Sarkar : “I teach. You larne.”
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www.chiropracticstudent.vonviceroy.com P a g e | 6
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www.chiropracticstudent.vonviceroy.com P a g e | 6
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169. PIP2 ____ & ____ . What does the primary product do?
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169. IP3 + DAG : IP3 depletes Ca+ stores initiating calcium dependent mechanism
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170. What are the means of GI tract motility?
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170. Ingestion, Mastication, Deglutition (swallowing), Peristalsis, Segmentation
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171. Where does it occur and what is segmentation?
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171. Small intestine, intestinal walls squeezes inward promoting mixing
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172. Endocrine glands discharge their products where?
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172. Directly into the bloodstream
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173. What are the exocrine GI tract secretions?
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173. HCl, H2O, HCO-3, bile, lipase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin, elastase, histamine
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174. What does HCO-3 do?
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174. Neutralize acidity
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175. The endocrine secretions tend to be __________.
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175. Hormones
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GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTIONS
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GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTIONS
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176. The regulation of gastrointestinal tract functions is controlled by _____________.
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176. GI Peptides
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177. Hormones are produced by _____ and released into the _______________.
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177. Endocrine cells, blood to reach their target
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178. Neurocrines are produced by _________ and act ______ on the target cell.
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178. Neurons, directly
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179. Paracrines are produced by _________ and act ______ on the target cell.
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179. Cells close to the target cells, directly
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180. What does the GI tract secrete?
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180. Secretion of enzymes/fluids/electrolytes
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181. Where are endocrine cells located?
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181. Mucosa & submucosa of stomach, intestine, and pancreas
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182. What do paracrine substances regulate?
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182. Secretory and motor function of the GI tract
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183. What is the long reflex?
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183. Extrinsic or ANS (Symph, parasymph)
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184. What is the short reflex?
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184. Intrinsic of Enteric Nervous System
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185. What are the plexuses of the short reflex?
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185. Myenteric & Submucosal
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186. Sympathetic innervations of the GI tract reduces ___________ and _______________.
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186. Peristalsis, Secretion
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187. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are ______ and ________.
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187. Cholinergic, peptidergic
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188. What does the Vagus nerve innervate?
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188. Upper GI tract, upper third of esophagus, wall of stomach, small intestine, ascending colon
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189. What does the Pelvic nerve innervate?
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189. Lower GI tract, striated muscle of ext. anal canal, walls of all other colons, motility & secretion
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190. What has the ability of directing all GI tract functions if needed?
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190. Intrinsic or Enteric Nervous System
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191. Myenteric neurons control _________ and are located between the _________ and ________.
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191. GI movements, Longitudinal muscle, Circular muscle
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192. The excitatory neurons of the myenteric plexus are stimulated by _________ and _________.
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192. Ach, Substance P
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193. The inhibitory neurons of the myenteric plexus are stimulated by _________ and _________.
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193. VIP, NO
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194. Submucosal neurons control _____, _____, and ______ functions of the GI tract.
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194. Contractile, secretory, endocrine
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195. The resting membrane potential of GI tract cells oscillates in slow waves do the the ________.
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195. Interstitial cells of Cajal
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196. Gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells have a ________ compared to other ___________.
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196. Smooth muscle cells
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197. What causes the rising phase of GI smooth muscle Action potential?
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197. Sodium and Calcium (Ca initiates the contraction too)
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STOMACH & PANCREAS
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STOMACH
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198. What cells of the stomach are impermeable to HCL?
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198. Parietal & Chief
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199. The alkaline mucus that protects the stomach contains ________ and is secreted by ________.
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199. HCO3-, epithelial cells
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200. _____________ inhibit gastric secretions.
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200. Prostaglandins
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201. To protect the stomach, epithelial cells have __________ and a ______________.
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201. Tight junctions, rapid rate of cell division (3 days replaced)
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202. In addition to a mucus secretion, what secretion protects the stomach lining?
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202. Bicarbonate
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203. Mucin is a ___________.
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203. Glycoprotein
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204. Why are carbohydrates no longer digested in the stomach?
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204. Salivary amylase is inactivated by the stomach acidity
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205. What are the physiological agonists of gastric acid HCL secretion?
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205. Ach, Histamine, & Gastrin
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206. The HCL agonists, which are collectively known as _____, bind to _______________.
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206. Secratogogues, receptors on membrane of parietal cells
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207. What is the function of the stomach?
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207. Store food, initial protein digestion, kill bacteria, move chyme to intestine
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208. What do goblet cells secrete?
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208. Mucus
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209. What do parietal cells secrete?
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209. HCL & Intrinsic factor (for B12)
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210. What do chief cells secrete?
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210. Pepsinogen
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211. What do enterochromaffin-like cells secrete?
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211. Histamine & Serotonin
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212. What do g-cells secrete? D-cells?
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212. Gastrin, Somatostatin
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213. What does HCL do in the stomach?
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213. Kills bacteria, denature proteins, turns pepsinogen into pepsin
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214. When the H+ and Cl- are produced, what is the by produce placed into the blood capillary?
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214. HCO3-
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215. What allows the Cl to enter the lumen in exchange for the Carbonate?
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215. Cl/HCO countertransporter (Facilitated diffusion)
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216. The H+ is secreted in response to what hormone and neurotransmitter?
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216. Hormone (Gastrin), Nuerotransmitter (Ach from Vagus)
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217. When Histamin binds to parietal cells _________ results in H release.
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217. Increased cCamp
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218. When gastrin and Ach bind to parietal cells ________ results in H release.
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218. Ca Efflux
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219. What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
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219. Islets of Langerhans secreting insulin & glucagon
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220. What is the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?
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220. Digestive enzymes & bicarbonate solution
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221. What are the four pancreatic juices?
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221. Protease, α-amylase, lipase, nuclease
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222. How do Ach, CCK/Gastrin, & Substance P lead to increased enzyme secretion?
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222. ↑ phosphatidyl inositol, ↑cellular Ca, ↑cGMP
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223. How does secretin/vip lead to increased enzyme secretion?
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223. ↑ cCAMP
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INTESTINES
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INTESTINES
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224. Primary absorption of food occurs in the ______ and is facilitated by its ____________.
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224. Small intestine, long length & surface area via microvilla
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225. What enzyme, which (is/is not) secreted into the lumen, is attached to microvilla?
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225. Is not, brush border enzyme
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226. The microvilla attached enzymes are exposed to _________.
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226. Chyme
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227. Sugar digestion via sucrase digest sucrose to _______________.
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227. Glucose & fructose
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228. Sugar digestion via lactaste digest lactose to _______________.
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228. Glucose & galactose
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229. Sugar digestion via maltase digest maltose to ______________.
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229. Glucose
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230. What are the peptidase enzymes?
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230. Aminopeptidase, Enterokinase
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231. What do aminopeptidases produce?
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231. Amino acids, dipeptides & tripeptides
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232. What do enterokinase do? Deficiency of enterokinase results in what?
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232. Activates trypsin : deficiency results in protein malnutrition
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233. What are needed for absorption of calcium and are regulated by Vitamin D?
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233. Phosphatase group Ca2+, Mg2+, and ATPase
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234. What does alkaline phosphatase do? What may it be regulated by?
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234. Removes phosphate groups : Vitamin D
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235. Although it has no digestive function, the large intestine absorbs ___, ___. ___, ___, and ___.
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235. H2O, Electrolytes, Vit B, Vit K, Folic acid
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236. Although the LI surface lacks _____, it does have a ______ which produce ____,____, and ___.
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236. Villa, microflora, folic acid, Vit K, fatty acids
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237. The intestine bacteria produce fatty acids from the fermentation of what substance?
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237. Indigestible foods
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238. Although the SI absorbs more water overall, the LI absorbs _______________.
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238. 90% of the water left over
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239. Water absorption in the LI begins with the _______ set up by __________.
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239. Osmotic gradient, Na+/K+ pumps
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240. What stimulates water and salt reabsorption?
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240. Aldosterone
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241. What occurs via active transport of NaCl?
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241. Water secreted into the lumen
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242. The defecation reflex begins with the relaxation of what?
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242. External anal sphincter
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KIDNEY, LIVER, GALL BLADDER
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KIDNEY, LIVER, GALL BLADDER
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243. Digested food is first delivered to the ______ via the ______________.
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243. Liver, hepatic portal system
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244. What is the recirculation of compounds released thru bile back into the liver from the SI?
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244. Enterohepatic circulation
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245. What are the functions of the liver?
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245. Metab. regulation, protein synth., store vits. & iron, degrade hormones, bile, inactivate toxins
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246. Bile pigment, aka ________, is produced in the _____, _____, and _____.
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246. Bilirubin, spleen, bone marrow, liver
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247. When bilirubin combines with _____, it forms ________, which is the actual bile secretion.
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247. Glucuronic acid, conjugated bilirubin
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248. What is urobilinogen?
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248. Conjugated bilirubn converted by bacteria (gets reabsorbed 40%)
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249. Bile acids emulsify _______, increase surface area for ________, and form ________.
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249. Lipids, liplytic enzymes, micelles
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250. Bile acids are produced from what substance?
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250. Cholesterol
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251. What is the purpose of micelles?
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251. Improve the product transport of lipid digestion for absorption
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252. When are gall stones formed?
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252. When bile is supersaturated with insoluble cholesterol
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253. Bilirubin is bound to ______ in plasma.
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253. Albumin
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DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
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DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
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254. Pancreatic amylase converts starch to _____________, which are hydrolyzed by ___________.
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254. Oligosaccharides, SI brush border enzymes
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255. What do the endopeptidases do in the SI and give 3 examples.
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255. Cleave interior polypeptide bonds, (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, elastase)
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256. What do the exopeptidases do in the SI and give 3 examples.
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256. Cleave ends of polypeptide bonds, (Carboxypeptidase, aminopepidase)
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257. What is the result of protein digestion in the SI?
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257. Amino acids, dipetides, & tripeptids, di & tripeptides are broken into AA’s within SI cells
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258. Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes _______ into _________ and _________.
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258. Triglycerides, free fatty acids & monoglycerides
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259. Phosopholipase A breaks down _____________ into _________ & ______________.
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259. Phospholipids, Fatty acids & Lysolecthin
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260. When fatty acids and monglycerides dissolve into micelles they become known as _________.
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260. Mixed Micelles
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261. Once FA’s, monoglycerides, & lysolecithin enter the epithelial cells what occurs to them?
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261. Converted into triglycerids & phospholipids combine to form chylomicrons
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262. What are VLDL’s made by, where, and for what purpose?
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262. Cholesterol & tri’s, liver, carry triglycerides to cells
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263. LDL’s transport ____________. HDL’s transport ___________.
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263. Cholesterol to organs/vessels, Cholesterol to liver
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264. Ca+ is absorbed in the _____ & ____ stimulates its absorption by activating the ________.
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264. SI, Vitamin D, Calbindin protein
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265. What binds Calcium to the inner surface of the brush border membrane?
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265. Intestinal membrane calcium-binding protein (IMCal)
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266. ______ stores Iron. ______ passes iron to transferrin receptors. Transferrin ____________.
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266. Ferritin, Mobilferrin, transports Iron in portal blood
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