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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synarthroses |
Immovable joints |
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Amphiarthroses |
Slightly movable joints |
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Diarthroses |
Freely movable joints |
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Joints can be classified by structure - what materials bind the bones together and if there is a joint cavity present. The three structural classifications include: |
Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints |
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Fibrous joints are connected by dense regular connective tissue. There is no joint cavity present. They are further subdivided in to 3 types: |
Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis |
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Suture |
Occur in the skull. Joint held together by short fibrous tissue which is continuous with the periosteum of the flat bones. Synarthrotic |
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Syndesmosis |
Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue varies in length so can me synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic |
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Gomphosis |
Peg in socket. Teeth in mandible. Held by ligament. Synarthrotic |
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Cartilaginous joints are united by cartilage. No joint cavity is present. There are 2 sub-types: |
Synchrondroses Symphyses |
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Synchrondroses |
Hyaline cartilage unites bones. Epiphyseal plates are synchrondroses. Costal cartilage of the ribs. Synarthrotic |
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Symphyses |
Fibrocartilage unites bones. Some hyaline cartilage is present in these joints on the articular surfaces of the bones. Symphyses are are amphiarthrotic (slightly movable). Pubic symphysis Intervertebral discs |
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Synovial joints |
Most movable Are diarthrotic Have a joint cavity
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General structure of Synovial joints include: |
Articular cartilage on ends of opposing bones Joint cavity filled with Synovial fluid Articular capsule - 2 layers - Synovial membrane and fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue) Reinforcing ligaments - capsular (thickened parts of fibrous layer of articular capsule), extracapsular and/or intracapsular. Richly supplied with nerves and vessels. Specialised Synovial joints can contain articular discs Bursa and tendon sheaths. |
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Articular disc |
Aka meniscus. Disc of fibrocartilage. Extends internally from articular capsule. Partly or completely divides joint cavity in 2. Improves fit of articular bone surfaces and distributes load more evenly. Found in many joints including the knee joint. |
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Bursae and tendon sheaths |
Flattened bag of Synovial fluid Act as ball bearings to reduce friction between body elements. Found in many joints including the shoulder joint Tendon sheath is an elongated Bursa which wraps around tendons. |
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Movement at joints |
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Types of Synovial joints |
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Factors that influence joint stability |
Articular surfaces Number of ligaments Muscle tone |
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Plane joint |
Flat articular surfaces Nonaxial Gliding Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints Vertebral articular surfaces |
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Hinge joint |
Cylinder in trough Uniaxial Elbow joint Flexion and extension |
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Pivot joint |
Sleeve and axle Uniaxial Rotation |
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Condylar joint |
Oval articular surfaces (egg in egg cup) Biaxial movement Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction Wrist joint |
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Saddle joint |
Biaxial movement Adduction/abduction & Flexion/extension Concave and convex shape Carpometacarpal joint of thumb |
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Ball and socket joint |
Multiaxial Flex/extens, abduct/adduct & rotation Shoulder and hip joints |
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Skull joints |
Fibrous Suture Synarthrotic |
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Temporomandibular joint |
Temporal bone and mandible Synovial joint - modified with articular disc Diarthrotic |
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Atlantooccipital joint |
Atlas (C1) and occipital condyles of the skull Synovial condylar joint Diarthrotic Biaxial - flex/extension, lateral Flexion, circumduction of head on neck. |
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Atlantoaxial joint |
Atlas (C1) and axis (C2) Synovial pivot joint (dens of axis in to superior arch of Atlas) Diarthrotic Uniaxial - rotation
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Intervertebral joint (bodies) |
Cartilaginous symphyses joint Amphiarthrotic |
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Intervertebral joint (articular processes) |
Synovial plane Diarthrotic Gliding |
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Costovertebral joint |
Vertebrae (transverse process or bodies) and ribs Synovial plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding movement |
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Sternoclavicular joint |
Sternum and clavicle Synovial saddle joint contains an articular disc Diarthrotic Multiaxial |
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Sternocostal joint 1st rib |
Cartilaginous synchrondroses Synarthrotic |
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Sternocostal ribs 2-7 |
Sternum and ribs Synovial double plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding |
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Acromioclavicular joint |
Acromion of scapular and clavicle Synovial plane joint containing articular disc Diarthrotic Gliding and rotation |
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Shoulder |
Aka glenohumeral Glenoid cavity of scapula and humerus Synovial ball in socket joint Diarthrotic Multiaxial |
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Elbow |
Ulna and radius to humerus Synovial hinge joint Diarthrotic Uniaxial Flex/extens |
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Proximal radioulnar joint |
Radius and ulna at proximal end Synovial pivot joint Diarthrotic Uniaxial Rotation |
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Distal radioulnar joint |
Radius and ulna at distal end Synovial pivot joint containing articular disc Diarthrotic Uniaxial Rotation |
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Wrist joint |
Radius and proximal carpals Synovial condylar Diarthrotic Biaxial Flex/extens, abduct/adduct & circumduction |
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Intercarpal joint |
Adjacent carpals Synovial plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding movement |
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Carpometacarpal thumb |
Carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal 1. Synovial saddle joint Diarthrotic Biaxial Flex/extens, abduct/adduct, circumduction |
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Carpometacarpal digits II-V |
Metacarpals and proximal phalanx Synovial condylar Diarthrotic Biaxial Flex/extens, abduct/adduct, circumduction |
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Interphalangeal joint |
Adjacent phalanges Synovial hinge joint Diarthrotic Uniaxial Flex /extens |
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Sacroiliac joint |
Sacrum and ilium of coxal bone Synovial in childhood Fibrous in adulthood Diarthrotic in childhood Modified amphiarthrotic in adulthood (pregnancy) |
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Pubic symphysis |
Pubic bones Cartilaginous symphysis Amphiarthrotic More movement during pregnancy |
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Hip |
Femur and coxal bones Synovial ball and socket joint Multiaxial Diarthrotic |
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Knee |
Aka femoropatellar Femur and patella Synovial plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding of patella over femur |
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Superior tibiofibular joint |
Tibia to fibula at proximal end Synovial plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding |
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Inferior tibiofibular joint |
Tibia and fibula distally Fibrous Syndesmosis Synarthrotic |
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Ankle |
Tibia and fibula with talus Synovial hinge joint Diarthrotic Uniaxial Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion |
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Intertarsal joint |
Adjacent tarsals Synovial plane joint Diarthrotic Gliding |
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Metatarsophalangeal joint |
Metatarsal and proximal phalanx Synovial condylar Diarthrotic Biaxial Flex/extens, abduct/adduct, circumduction |
