Syspath - Respiratory - Fall 2014

Front 1

What 2 species will most often develop chronic allergic bronchial disease?

Back 1

cats - feline asthma and allergic bronchitis

horses - recurrent airway disease (COPD)

Front 2

A cat presents with gelatinous exudate from nostrils. What other signs should you look for? What do you suspect?

Back 2

Neurological signs; Crytococcus

Front 3

A young horse that is new to owner presents with small, diffuse nodules on the roof and wall of the pharynx, what do you call this? Tx?

Back 3

Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia; this is a normal immunological even - rest and anti-inflammatories if painful or reduced appetite or frequent swallowing is observed

Front 4

Name the 2 most common pathogens to infect the guttural pouch?

Back 4

Guttural pouch mycosis - Aspergillis

Empyema of guttural pouch - Steptococcus equi

Front 5

What are the 2 most common possible consequences of guttural pouch infection?

Back 5

Dysphagia and epistaxis

Front 6

You examine several young calves (6 months old) that are coughing, exhibiting inspiratory dyspnea and stridor, what do you suspect?

Back 6

necrotic laryngitis (calf diptheria)

Front 7

What is the pathogen behind necrotic laryngitis and what are predisposing factors and their importance?

Back 7

Fusobacterium necrophorum; viral infection, rough tubing. important b/c F. necrophorum is a commensal opportunistic that needs damaged mucosa to infect

Front 8

What is the most common family of pathogens that cause tracheitis? What complicates this?

Back 8

viral; secondary bacterial infections

Front 9

What is the most common cause of nasal/laryngeal/tracheal inflammation you're likely to encounter in dogs? cats? horses? cattle?

Back 9

dogs - Bordetella bronchispetica + viral, other bacterial, allergic

cats - chronic upper resp disease, various bacterial and viral agents

horses - EHV-1,-4, influenza, strep equi, fungal

cattle - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV), necrotic laryngitis

Front 10

What type of neoplasms occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses? Which species are usually affected?Which is the most common nasal cavity tumor in cats?

Back 10

osteosarcomas, chondrosarcoma, carcinoma/adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

dogs and cats

Lymphoma is the most common nasal cavity tumor in cats

Front 11

An older horse presents with unilateral, periodic, progressive epistaxis, what is this lesion?

Back 11

progressive ethmoidal hematoma

Front 12

T/F Mass lesions of any type in the nasal passage are often ulcerated and prone to developing secondary bacterial infections.

Back 12

true, its a dirty world.

Front 13

List the 4 important diffuse abnormalities of the lung. Which are really common?

Back 13

1. hyperemia/congestion

2. hemorrhage

3. pulmonary edema

4. interstitial lesions

First 3 are really common

Front 14

Of the 4 diffuse lung lesions, which doesn't interfere with gas exchange?

Back 14

hyperemia/congestion

Front 15

What are the possible causes of pulmonary hyperemia/congestion?

Back 15

congestive heart failure

hypostatic congestion (gravity)

acute inflammation

Front 16

3 most common lesions detected in lungs at necropsy

Back 16

hemorrhage

edema

congestion

Front 17

What are ARDS and NARDS?

Back 17

Acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome and Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome - both are diffuse alveolar injuries

Front 18

In vet med, in whom is NARDS most often seen?

Back 18

foals

Front 19

A dog has severe chronic uremia, what diffuse lung change could be a consequence?

Back 19

Uremic pneumonopathy or pneumonitis, a toxic injury that results in dystrophic mineralization of the alveolar walls

Front 20

Allergic alveolitis and toxic pulmonary injury are similar to ...

Back 20

diffuse alveolar injury

Front 21

What are the possible causes of diffuse interstitial fibrosis?

Back 21

severe alveolar injury

chronic viral infection

chronic heart failure

idiopathic

Front 22

In which species is multifocal interstitial fibrosis seen? What other processes can this mimic grossly and on radiographs?

Back 22

Cats and horses (linked to EHV-5 infection)

lesions can mimic pulmonary neoplasia or fungal infection

Front 23

What is almost always the cause of bronchopneumonia?

Back 23

bacteria

Front 24

What's a granuloma?

Back 24

distinct type of granulomatous inflammation that occurs when macrophage infiltration organizes into a district mass

Front 25

What is granulomatous inflammation? How is it different than chronic inflammation?

Back 25

cellular exudate predominantly composed of activated macrophages, multinucleate giant cells; difference is that macrophage aggregates begin to replace portions of normal stroma

Front 26

What is granulation tissue?

Back 26

exposed connective tissue that forms within a healing wound (arrangement of CT fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels)

Front 27

Name the likely cause of patterns of the top row

Back 27

Top row - normal, bacterial bronchopneumonia (middle 2), diffuse (interstitial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, toxic lung injury)

Front 28

Name the likely cause of the patterns in the middle row

Back 28

embolic pneumonia, granulomatous pneumonia, tumor metasteses

Front 29

Name the likely cause of the patterns in the bottom row

Back 29

locally extensive (not important), penumonia due to parasite Dictyocaulus in cattle, aspiration pneumonia, hypostatic congestion

Front 30

Which viral infections are part of the respiratory disease complex (shipping fever) of pigs? What is an important consequence of these viral infections?

Back 30

Swine influenza, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS); viruses predispose animals to secondary bacterial infections

Front 31

Shipping fever in horses leads to what type of pneumonia?

Back 31

aspiration pneumonia likely from nasal secretions not draining properly if head is tied up

Front 32

What viral infection predisposes cattle to secondary bacterial infections leading to bronchopneumonia?

Back 32

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (herpesvirus)

Front 33

Name 2 important bacterial agents involved in bovine bronchopneumonia?

Back 33

Manheimia heamolytica, Histophilus somni

also mycoplasma

Front 34

Gross pathologic findings that indicate interstitial pneumonia

Back 34

size of lungs = expanded

surface features = rib imprints scream lung expansion!

heavy, rubbery texture

Front 35

2 main routes of entry of agents that cause interstitial pneumonia/diffuse alveolar injury

Back 35

hematogenous

aerogenous

Front 36

Seeing what type of cells in the alveoli indicate injury? Can this injury heal?

Back 36

Type II pneumocytes indicate regeneration but do not exchange gases so will need oxygen support to allow healing

Front 37

What are the most common general causes of interstitial pneumonia in any species?

Back 37

Viral infection and septicemia

Front 38

Likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in cattle

Back 38

Toxic (fog disease, pit gases)

Hypersensitivity

Front 39

What is fog disease? What are the clinical signs?

Back 39

occurs when cattle are moved to lush pasture and clara cells attempt to detoxify L-tryptophan into a toxic substance

Front 40

What are some likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in pigs?

Back 40

viral (influenza, PRRS, PMWS)

hypersensitivity (Ascaris suum migrations)

Front 41

What are some likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in horses?

Back 41

Viral (influenza, herpesvirus, adenovirus)

severe fatal interstitial pneumonia of foals

multifocal interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

Front 42

What are some likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in dogs?

Back 42

viral (influenza, adenovirus, distemper)

CARDS

Front 43

What are some likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in cats?

Back 43

viral (influenza, herpesvirus, calicivirus)

Chlamydophila

Toxoplasmosis

Multifocal interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

Front 44

What are some likely causes of interstitial pneumonia in sheep and goats?

Back 44

Retroviruses in older animals

Parasites (muellerius lungworms --> hypersensitivity)

Front 45

What is the most common type of primary tumors arising in the lung?

Back 45

Carcinoma of normal pulmonary epithelial cells

Front 46

Examples of tumors that metastasize to lungs?

Back 46

Carcinomas - mammary or thyroid

Sarcomas - Osteo-, hemangio-, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, fibrosarcoma (vx-assoc)

Front 47

What are general agents that commonly cause granulomatous or pyogranulomatous pneumonia?

Back 47

fungi or intracellular bacteria (mycobacterium)

Front 48

Common cause of granulomatous/pyogranulamatous pneumonia in birds? cats? foals? ruminants? multiple species including pigs and people?

Back 48

birds - Aspergillus (fungus)

cats - FIP, cryptococcus, histoplasmosis

foals - Rhodococcus equi

ruminants - Mycobacteria bovis, muellerius parasites

spp, pigs, people - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 49

Name two bacteria that cause granulomatous/pyogranulomatous pneumonia?

Back 49

Rhodococcus equi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 50

In what species is pleural calcification (mineralization) occur? What is the most likely underlying cause?

Back 50

Dogs; renal failure --> uremic pleuritis

Front 51

Define effusion

Back 51

escape of fluid from blood or lymph vessels into tissues or cavity

Front 52

What are the passive and active events that can lead to thoracic effusions?

Back 52

passive (from pressure changes) - cardiogenic, hypoproteinemia, fluid overload, hemorrhage

active - trauma, pleuritis, pleuropneumonia, neoplasia

Front 53

What is chylothorax? What does it look like?

Back 53

lymph effusion; looks like milk or strawberry milk

Front 54

What are some functional consequences of pleural effusions?

Back 54

difficult for lungs to expand

pleural adhesions