Survey Of Art Final Exam

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Europe and the United States around 1850

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Industrialization
Urbanization
Capitalism and international commercial exchange
Globalization and colonization
Art: public viewing at many different kinds of exhibitions (Paris: called “Salons”) and in newly established museums
Art criticism becomes public response to art
Rise of avant-garde and modernism

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Avant-garde

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not making art to please the audience but rather provoke the audience

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Aquatint

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stippled ground produced by rosin spread and then dried on surface of plate; acid bites into exposed points

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Romanticism

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Artist emphasizes both horror of death and dying people and dynamic, stirring composition intended to appeal to emotions and unconscious

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Romanticism Movement

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in literature as well, interested in the imagination rather than rationality or scientific world, subjected feeling, accompanied with dark elements that correlate with feelings

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Realism

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Painters in the 19th century focused on reality and social networks
French artists Courbet, Millet, Rosa Bonheur
People’s work and lives as subject
Social and political consciousness (class as theme)
Stable, earthbound figures and compositions
Textural, material use of paint

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Impressionists

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artists self identifying themselves as a group
the word was originally used to criticize their work because it looked unfinished but instead the adopted the name

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American modernist painters of the nineteenth century?

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Often traveled to study in France

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French Impressionists

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Capture visual “impression” of scene, atmosphere
Use white ground and color (often unblended) to paint effects of light revealing form
Highly textured surfaces
Unusual vantage points, compositions that are often asymmetrical or candid in effect
Contemporary life, society, leisure, and labors of working class as subjects
Self-consciously “modern”
Middle class public as primary audience

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Formalism

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emphasis upon conditions of viewing as "subject"
visual effect in light, color, composition and brush work
used by Claude Monet
impressionists

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Cassatt makes the painting "The Bath," “modern”—HOW?

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By cropping forms in unexpected ways

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“Post-Impressionism”

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Development of Impressionist innovations in subject matter, color, treatment of form, composition and spatial definition

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“Expressive” trend

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emphasis upon form for psychological and spiritual effect: Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin

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“Analytical” trend

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emphasis upon pictorial structure and visual effect: Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat

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Pointillism/Divisionism

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dots that form light and shadow through color

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Symbolist movement of late 19th century

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emphasized artist’s dreams and inner vision, to point of madness; “extreme subjectivism”

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Europe and the United States in the Early Twentieth Century

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Revolution in Russia (1917) and World War I (1914-18) in Europe and the United States: end of era of monarchy and aristocracy, and new instability of Western imperialism

Radical new developments in science: Max Planck’s quantum theory: atomic energy; Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity: space-time continuum and matter as form of energy

Technological and industrial development

Freud’s theory of the unconscious

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French Fauvism

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at 1905 exhibition, critic called artists “fauves”—wild beasts
Inspired by Gauguin, Fauvists “liberated” color to serve new expressive and structural purposes; exaggerated tension between surface and space
France

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German Expressionism

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Die Brucke (The Bridge), led by Kirchner;
Aim: to “bridge” the old and the new
Kirchner uses color, radical perspective and disturbing forms to evoke harshness and creepiness of urban life

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Soft-ground etching

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acid-resistant ground overlaid with thin paper, onto which artist draws; ground lifted from plate where lines are drawn when paper peeled off; produces soft line

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etching

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the act or process of making designs or pictures on a metal plate, glass, etc., by the corrosive action of an acid instead of by a burin.

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Lithography

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he art or process of producing a picture, writing, or the like, on a flat, specially prepared stone, with some greasy or oily substance, and of taking ink impressions from this as in ordinary printing.

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The early skyscraper was made possible by?

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internal “skeletons” of cast-iron or steel

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Cubism

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probably developed jointly by Picasso and the French painter Braque, and Lipchitz
France

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Of all the Post-Impressionists, the artist most influential upon Cubism was

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Cézanne

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“Cubist sculpture”

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body composed of geometric solids dynamically arranged to suggest physical action
Ultimate inspiration: Cezanne

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Futurism

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founded by Italian poet Marinetti; celebration of modern world, machines, war, destruction of old and celebration of new; some association with Italian Fascism
Italy

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Constructivism

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developed by a group of Russian artists principally in the early 20th century, characterized chiefly by a severely formal organization of mass, volume, and space, and by the employment of modern industrial materials.

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"The Blue Riders"

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Der Blaue Reiter was formed in 1911 in Munich as a loose association of painters by Franz Marc. They shared an interest in abstracted forms and prismatic colors, which, they felt, had spiritual values that could counteract the corruption and materialism of their age.
Germany

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"DeStijl"

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Dutch Modernist Movement
Mondrian: “pure plastic art,” or “Neoplasticism”; painting reduced to purist elements, with no representational traces

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"Bauhaus"

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WALTER GROPIUS, Shop Block, the Bauhaus (“State School of Building”), Dessau, Germany, 1925–1926
Utopian unity of design
MARCEL BREUER, tubular chair, 1925
Bauhaus unity of the arts; dedication to craft and modernist materials and design
in Germany: architecture and design

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One of the following was NOT a Modernist movement of the early 20th century in Europe?

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Romanticism

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"Dada"

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abandon reason and logic; “Dada says knowthing, Dada has no fixed ideas.”
Context of Dada: disillusionment after WWI(1914-18) Theories of the unconscious
Unconscious: Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis
Followers Carl Jung, Anna Freud, and others
Superego, Ego and Id (unconscious)
Expression of latent desires, especially sexual
Artistic expression especially valued in psychoanalysis, and many artists involved in psychoanalysis throughout 20th century
in Germany, France, USA

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“Ready-made”

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factory produced products
MARCEL DUCHAMP

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“Dada” refers to?

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“Know-thing”

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photomontage

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medium to satirize Weimar German society of 1920s and promote Dadaist avant-garde movement; artist capitalizing on advertising techniques, including appeal to unconscious 
HANNAH HÖCH

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Surrealism

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described by poet André Breton: “Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of association heretofore neglected, in the omnipotence of dreams, in the undirected play of thought…”

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"automatism"

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creation of art without conscious control; painting process moves between conscious and unconscious
JOAN MIRÓ

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Surrealism placed great importance upon?

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Freud’s theory of the unconscious

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Photogravure

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printed on tissue

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Early American Modernism

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architecture and social life

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TURNER, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), 1840. Oil on canvas, [England]
-people who had been kidnapped and a typhoon was coming so they decided that they had to lighten their load and tossed slaves into ocean.
-Incident that took place in 1783, when England still participated in Atlantic slave trade; helped foster Abolitionist movement in England
-England did not ban slave trade until 1807, and did not abolish slavery in British colonies in Caribbean until 1834
-Here, Turner’s painterly style and rich color scheme contribute to horror of subject

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FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH, Twilight In the Wilderness, 1860s. Oil on canvas, [United States].
-American association with land: political, economic, philosophical Ralph Waldo Emerson; Henry David thorough emphasis on nature
-American tourism

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JEAN-FRANÇOIS MILLET, The Gleaners, 1857. Oil on canvas, [France]
-Painted in artistic community of Barbizon, near Forest of Fontainebleau, France (artists painting outside for first time); Millet himself of peasant origin; gleaners gathered leftovers when harvesting done
-Realist revision of French style emphasizing order, harmony in nature
-Real social class: poorest peasants
-Compared to Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, c. 1655

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Manet, Bar at the Folies-Bergères, 1882; oil on canvas, [France]
-Folies-Bergères: nightclub in Paris
-Only working women went there alone: servers and/or prostitutes
-Middle-class women ALWAYS had to be accompanied by man to protect “reputation”
-detailed and defined in the front but less in the background
-rich color, still life objects, visual bafflement, expression, mannerisms, painterly, emphasis on right hand side of painting, trapeze artists legs dangling, maybe a mirror behind her.

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WINSLOW HOMER, The Veteran in a New Field, 1865. Oil on canvas, [United States]
-Hope for new era in the United States?
- Style: note emphasis upon choppy, visible brushwork; division of picture into planes of colors and texture (Homer had studied in France, where he adopted modernist style)
-recently ended civil war as we can see in the uniforms and the sigh being used refers to death in war.
-Hope for the future and mourning for the dead (Real modern issues)

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CLAUDE MONET, Impression: Sunrise, 1872. Oil on canvas [France]—Critic wrote disparagingly that artists exhibiting in 1874 show were “Impressionists”; they adopted the term
-Convey the effect of spontaneity (Looks unfinished)

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EDGAR DEGAS, Ballet Rehearsal, 1874. Oil on canvas,[France]
- Working women in rehearsal and at rest; unusual cropping inspired by Japanese prints and photography; complicated play with space
-women were similar to servers in order to get by

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VINCENT VAN GOGH, The Night Café, 1888. Oil on canvas, [Netherlands; painted mainly in France]
-Wrote letters to his brother and used bold contour lines to makes things in his paintings stand out
-Complementary colors (Red&Green) (Yellow&Purple) (Orange&Blue)

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PAUL GAUGUIN, The Vision after the Sermon or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888. Oil on canvas, [France]
-Painted in Pont-Aven, Brittany, northeast France; use of planes of bright color to evoke psychological or spiritual experience rather than optical realism
-Contrasting colors=anger, violence=red grass

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PAUL CÉZANNE, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1902–1904. Oil on canvas,[France] ; one of many paintings of this subject (like Monet, painted series)
-structural use of paint, color, and brushwork
-Interested at capturing subject at different times of the day

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LOUIS SULLIVAN, Guaranty (Prudential) Building, Buffalo, 1894–1896 [United States]
-Internal steel structure, sheathed in terracotta
-Regularized, block like treatment of form and opening of wall into fenestrated screen
-“Form follows function” (but surface also richly ornamented)-its the function of the building that determines what form it is made of which was what many art advancements in the 20th century where about

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HENRI MATISSE, Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908–1909. Oil on canvas, [France]
-French Fauvism: at 1905 exhibition, critic called artists “fauves”—wild beasts
-Inspired by Gauguin, Fauvists “liberated” color to serve new expressive and structural purposes; exaggerated tension between surface and space

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PABLO PICASSO, Les Demoiselles (The Maidens) d’Avignon, June–July 1907. Oil on canvas [Spain; worked in France]
-Subject: Avignon St. in Barcelona: bordello
-Style: derived from ancient Iberian (Spanish) sculpture; African sculpture; Cezanne; contemporary Expressionist trends
-Broken down forms of geometric shapes
-female masks from Nigeria
-Art and war including Marc and Lin

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GEORGES BRAQUE, The Portuguese, 1911. Oil on canvas, [France]
-Cubism: probably developed jointly by Picasso and the French painter Braque
-Matisse described one of Braque’s paintings as painted “with little cubes” and critic described as “cubic oddities”
-Iconography”: Portuguese guitarist
-Style: employs contour lines and variations in value, but these “build” form, and space that contains it, in new way
-Tension between surface and space emphasized with use of letters and numbers

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HANNAH HÖCH, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany, 1919–1920. Photomontage, [Germany]
-Use of photomontage medium to satirize Weimar German society of 1920s and promote Dadaist avant-garde movement; artist capitalizing on advertising techniques, including appeal to unconscious

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PIET MONDRIAN, Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930. Oil on canvas, [Netherlands]
-“De Stijl”: Dutch modernist movement
-Mondrian: “pure plastic art,” or “Neoplasticism”; painting reduced to purist elements, with no representational traces
-Composition: dynamic equilibrium

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JACKSON POLLOCK, Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist), 1950. Oil, enamel, and aluminum paint on canvas, [United States]
-his style of “gestural abstraction”
- Drawing on Jung’s “collective unconscious”; legacy of works such as Arp’s Dadaist torn-paper collage -One side of Abstract Expressionism, focused upon gestural process of painting, summoning the unconscious
-artist’s physical process becomes content of work of art

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MAYA YING LIN, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, D.C., 1981–1983. Black granite, each wing 246’ long; 57, 939 names incised, in order of death [United States]
-Physical history of US involvement in conflict in Viet Nam, shown through names of fallen soldiers
-As work of art, exists in and of itself, as “pure” walls
Meanings found by visitors themselves

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ANDY WARHOL, Marilyn Diptych, 1962. Oil, acrylic, and silk-screen enamel on canvas; Warhol deliberately used commercial materials and procedures in his “Factory” to “mass-produce” iconic images; here, use of religious diptych format [United States]
-similar format to altarpiece

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Civil war and its aftermath

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Civil War, in U.S. history, conflict (1861–65) between the Northern states (the Union) and the Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy.
-the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the greatest figure of the war. The ex-Confederate states, after enduring the unsuccessful attempts of Reconstruction to impose a new society on the South, were readmitted to the Union, which had been saved and in which slavery was now abolished.

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Bronze Casting Technique

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http://artbyknight.com/bronze.htm

Sorry, way too long to explain!

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Supremism

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as an art movement, focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. It was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia, around 1913,

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Pop art

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portraying “things seen but not looked at”; taking idea of “art as object” and making familiar “objects” into “art”

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minimalism

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A school of abstract painting and sculpture that emphasizes extreme simplification of form, as by the use of basic shapes and monochromatic palettes of primary colors, objectivity, and anonymity of style.

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Abstract Expressionism

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focused upon gestural process of painting, summoning the unconscious

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gestural abstraction

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artists full body in the work not just hands

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CINDY SHERMAN, Untitled Film Still #35, 1979. Black-and-white [United States]
“Still” from fictitious “film,” with artist playing leading role; implications of threatening and/or sexual scenarios, with camera’s “eye” on woman

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Post modernism

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social and political implications of subject explored

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Pop Art features all of the following EXCEPT?

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minimalism

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Environmental or Earth Artists seek to?

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embed works of art within particular environments
-ROBERT SMITHSON, Spiral Jetty, 1970. Black rock, salt crystals, earth, red water (algae) at Great Salt Lake, Utah.

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JAUNE QUICK-TO-SEE SMITH, Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People), 1992. Oil and mixed media on canvas, [United States]
builds on Pop art, using found objects, newspaper clippings, paint; but also social portrayal of complex, highly compromised material culture of Native Americans

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KIKI SMITH, Untitled, 1990. Beeswax and microcrystalline wax figures on metal stands, female figure installed height 6’ 1 1/2” and male figure installed height 6’ 4 15/16” [United States]
-Body art of the 1990s and debates over AIDS and women’s reproductive rights: “the personal is political”
-“Abject” human body, displaying its physical traumas and leaking its fluids
Evocation of representations of Christ’s and saints’ bodily suffering in the history of Christian art
Transported to “every person,” male and female, in an era when the “personal is political: i.e., AIDS and public controversy over women’s reproductive rights

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Xu Bing, A Book From the Sky, 1987; installed in University at Albany Museum, 1996 [Chinese]
-wood block books filled with fake Chinese characters

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Art now prominently features?

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the body and social identity, in all its multiplicity

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FAITH RINGGOLD, Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima?, 1983. Acrylic on canvas with fabric borders, quilted, [United States]
-Ringgold: painter, quilter, book artist; addresses lives of African-Americans (including her own) as subject; also builds women’s traditional art and African fabric art into her medium 
-Contemporary Art that focuses upon racial or ethnic identity

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FRANK GEHRY, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997; architecture now reconfigured to respond more with surrounding landscape, but keeping notion of building as Modernist work of art; here, “exploded” form, with industrial materials integrated into design
[United States]
-Avant-garde architecture of modern art museums

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Video Art

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the moving image
BILL VIOLA, The Crossing, 1996. Installation with two channels of color video projection onto screens 16’-high

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Feminist performance art

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exploring association between woman’s body and the earth
ANA MENDIETA, Flowers on Body, 1973. Color photograph of earth/body work with flowers,

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Installation art

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describes an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space.

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street art

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forms of visual art created in public locations, usually unsanctioned artwork executed outside of the context of traditional art venues. The term gained popularity during the graffiti art boom of the early 1980s and continues to be applied to subsequent incarnations.

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photography in modern life

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Photography transformed into painting to make us reconsider both mediums (as well as portraiture)
-CHUCK CLOSE, Big Self-Portrait,
-as an art form: realism and critiquing the “real”

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Frank Lloyd Wright

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American modernist
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

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Influence of art of Western Africa on European artists

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Picasso also makes Stein’s portrait distinctive and “modern” by referencing African sculpture (which he himself collected)Note planar treatment of face and linear simplification of featuresEyes shift to connote thought and perception
-Headdress, Nigeria, 19th-20th cen., carved wood with ornamentation (Metropolitan Museum of Art)