Survey Of American History Exam #2

Front 1

Nulification Crisis

Back 1

South Carolina opposed the “tariffs of abominations” passed in
1812. South Carolina protested and said that they didn’t have to obey it. In 1832, congress passed a lower tariff than the one in 1828 even though it was still a protective tariff. The South Carolina legislature called a special convention in 1832 and voted to forbid the collection of tariffs. We ended up having the same problems. The states believe they are over the jurisdiction of the national government.

Front 2

John Dewey

Back 2

He believed education was the fundamental method of social progress
And reform; believed we should invest in education if we want our nation to be great. He is the reason we have a right to K-12 Education

Front 3

Gettysburg Address

Back 3

was one of the most famous speeches given in American
History by Abraham Lincoln in November of 1863. In 2 ½ minutes he reiterated the principles of human equality that are in the declaration of independence. Beginning with “4 scores and 7 years ago” to establish biblical support, he examined the founding principles of the US in context of the Civil War. He ensured the survival of the American representative democracy, that “the government of the people, for the people, by the people, shall not perish from earth”

Front 4

Popular Sovereignty

Back 4

the principle that the government is created by and subject to
the will of the people. Popular sovereignty gained support in the 1850s under the Taylor Administration. If we let people decide, it takes the responsibility off of the politicians if the outcome turns out negative.

Front 5

Realism

Back 5

the them of literature changed from romanticism to realism. The late 19th
century taught Americans to see the world as it is. There was a civil war which was a horrible time and was the most destructive war in the US and because of that romanticism no longer had any appeal. Realism wrote about social injustice, corruption in business. They showed the problems in society and showed what needed to be worked on. Realism art sought to capture life as it was.

Front 6

Bleeding Kansas

Back 6

a series of violent political confrontations involving anit-slavery
States and pro-slavery “Border Ruffian” (stealing horses, ransacking homes, and raiding towns) elements that took place in the Kansas Territory between 1854-1861. When elections came around, MO voters illegally crossed state lines to vote which resulted in a pro-slavery government having passed laws that support slavery. Disenfranchised soldiers formed at free-state government. Two different governments were formed and it caused more problems than it was worth.

Front 7

Dred Scott V Sanford

Back 7

(1857)Dred Scott, a MO slave, argued that he should be free
Upon the death of his master since he and his master had lived there for 7 years before the law came about that he still had to be a slave, he claimed that he is entitled to his freedom. In Dred Scott v. Sanford the court ruled against Scott 7-2; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote majority opinion: He isn’t a citizen so he cannot sue, no African American can sue (free or slave), his residency in WI and Illinois didn’t give him right to freedom, the MO compromise was unconstitutional because the government has no right to regulate slavery in territories.

Front 8

2nd Great Awakening

Back 8

protestant revival movement in the early 19th century (1820s)
in the US. It was believed that a person can choose to accept salvation due to more freedom and changes in society. This encouraged reform by living out Christian faith and moral responsibility to other. It also reached politics and people began to believe that faith has ramifications in political action. The second great awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements at the time like the education reform, temperance reform, and community reform.

Front 9

Slave Power

Back 9

Northerns argued that the Southern planters were unfairly controlling
American politics because only a minority of the southerns own slaves. Approximately 350,000 planters held most of the slaves and kept the other southerns passionate about protecting ‘their rights.’ Northerns believe that the nations law was determined by this minority and that it isn’t right because it doesn’t represent the whole.

Front 10

Seneca Falls

Back 10

• 1848, in New York
• First women’s rights convention
• Issued the Declaration of Sentiments
o Demand that all women get right to vote and that married women aren’t considered husbands ‘property’
• Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
• Rejected the Cult of Domesticity and promoted gender equality

Front 11

Trail of Tears

Back 11

• 1838-1839
• Cherokees forced out of land in Georgia
• Forced to migrate to what is now Oklahoma
• ¼ died on the way due to disease
• Forced by military
• Cherokees held out for a long time, but America wanted the land and wouldn’t let them get in the way of having it

Front 12

Transcendentalism

Back 12

• Literacy and philosophical movement
• Challenged the rationalism and materialism of the environment
• Person could transcend reality and ordinary understanding, and in return become one with the universe and the spiritual forces behind it
• Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau were inspirations
• Early 19th century
• Believed that political parties corrupted an individual

Front 13

Worcester V Georgia

Back 13

• 1832
• It was a Georgia law that any non-indian living on Indian land must have a liscense
• Missionaries were arrested after refusing to get a license, Worcester sued Supreme Court saying
• John Marshall sided with Worcester, the states couldn’t interfere in Indian Territory, only federal government could
• Denied a state’s right to extend its jurisdiction over tribal lands
• Jackson didn’t like Marshall’s ruling-Marshall “made his decision, now let him enforce it”

Front 14

Plessy V Ferguson

Back 14

• 1896
• Upheld the Louisiana law requiring that blacks and whites occupy separate train cars
• Also applied ruling to schools-segregated schools
• Declared that segregation is not necessarily discrimination
• Significant because it established the “separate but equal” clause

Front 15

Nativism

Back 15

• An ideology or policy that prefers native-born residents to immigrants
• Restricts the rights of immigrants and opposes new immigration
• Very hostile to the Irish Catholic immigrants in the 1850’s
• Example would be the Klu Klux Klan and the Know-Nothing Party/The American Party in the 1850’s
o President Millard Fillmore was the candidate for The American Party

Front 16

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 16

• 1854
• Repealed the Missouri Compromise
• Split the Louisiana Purchase into two territories and allowed settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty.
• Anti-slavery people didn’t like this because it had the possibility of spreading slavery in a place it used to not be allowed
• Significant because it made the slavery issue bigger and led it’s opponents to form the Republican party (mainly consisted of the Northerners)

Front 17

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 17

• Built from 1863-1869
• Built by Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad
• Railroads put canal ways out of business
• Created many jobs however-building them, providing the iron supply
• Lowered the cost of transporting goods
• Connected the country together

Front 18

Reconstruction

Back 18

• Referred to as ‘radical reconstruction’
• 1867-1867
• The plan to rebuild after the Civil War
• Many acts and amendments passed during this time
o First Reconstruction Act: placed the south under the rule of the army by dividing into 5 military districts
o Made it quick and easy for readmission of any state
 Ex: 10 % plan- 10 percent takes pledge of allegiance a state could be readmitted into the union
• Long periods of military rule
• South felt that they were just protecting their rights
o They still believed in white supremacy

Front 19

Reconstruction Amendments

Back 19

• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments in the Constitution
• 13th Amendment:
o January 1865
o Prohibited slavery in the United States
• 14th Amendment:
o June 1866
o Defined citizenship (gave it to anyone born in America)
o Gave citizenship to African Americans
• 15th Amendment:
o February 1869
o Granted voting rights to anyone regardless of race, color, or past servitude
• Amendments important because it was a step forward in equality all across America

Front 20

Manifest Destiny

Back 20

• Coined in 1845
• Referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded territorial expansion, God supported American expansion, and that national expansion equaled expansion of freedom
o EX: Natural Growth Theory:
 U.S. is a living, growing organism
o ‘Geographical Predestination’
 Providence determined by the U.S. as rightful owner of the continent
o Americans had a right to the land