Superficial Heat And Cold

Front 1

rate of transfer

Back 1

(area of contact x thermal conductivity x temp difference)/tissue thickness

Front 2

specific heat

Back 2

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given weight of a material by a given number of degrees

Front 3

thermal conductivity

Back 3

the rate at which it transfers heat by conduction

Front 4

convection

Back 4

direct contact between a circulating medium and another material of a different temperature

Front 5

conversion

Back 5

heat transfer by conversion of a nonthermal energy (mechanical/electrical) to heat

Front 6

radiation

Back 6

direct transfer of energy from a material with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperature

Front 7

evaporation

Back 7

a material absorbs energy off skin to cool

Front 8

conduction

Back 8

heating by direct contact

Front 9

physiological effects of cold (7)

Back 9

vasoconstriction, decreased nerve conduction velocity, increased pain threshold, altered muscle strength, decreased spasticity, facilitation of muscle contraction, decreased metabolic rate

Front 10

CIVD

Back 10

cold induced vasodilation, occurs when body tries to maintain core temp, after 20 mins, extreme cold

Front 11

altered muscle strength due to cold

Back 11

increases strength with brief (5 min), decreases with prolonged treatment

Front 12

increased pain threshold due to cold

Back 12

could be gate control, reduction of muscle spasm, reduction of sensory nerve conduction or reduction of edema

may block transmission of painful stimuli

Front 13

decreased nerve conduction velocity due to cold

Back 13

proportionate to degree and duration of change, occurs w/in 5 minutes, reversed 15 after treatment, greatest effect on small and myelinated (a-delta)

Front 14

decreased spasticity due to cold

Back 14

temporary, could be due to: decrease in gamma motor neuron activity and later a decrease in afferent spindle and GTO activity, last 1-1.5 hr

Front 15

alpha motor neuron

Back 15

innervate skeletal muscle

Front 16

gamma motor neuron

Back 16

innervate GTO and muscle spindles, in anterior horn of spinal cord

Front 17

facilitation of muscle contraction due to cold

Back 17

facilitate alpha motor neuron activity to produce contraction

Front 18

decreased metabolic rate due to cold

Back 18

decreases rate of all metabolic reactions, will slow down healing though! good only for acute inflammation

Front 19

uses of cryotherapy (7)

Back 19

control inflammation, pain control, modification of spasticity, facilitation of muscle contraction, break spasm cycle, symptom management (e.g MS), cryokinetic/cryostretch

Front 20

contraindications for cold (7)

Back 20

cold hypersensitivity, cold intolerance, cryoglobulinemia, hemglobinuria, Raynaud's Disease, regenerative peripheral nerve, area of circulatory compromise

Front 21

precautions for cold (6)

Back 21

superficial branch of a nerve, open wound, hypertension, poor sensation, poor mentation, very young/very old

Front 22

adverse reactions to cold (3)

Back 22

frost bite/tissue death, permanent/temproary nerve damage, unwanted vasodilation

Front 23

effects of heat (6)

Back 23

vasodilation, changes in nerve conduction velocity and firing rate, increased pain threshold, changes in muscle strength, increased metabolic rate, increased collagen extensibility

Front 24

increased pain threshold due to heat

Back 24

activation of spinal gating mechanism, increase in blood flow can reduce pain due to ischemia, reduction of spasm

Front 25

uses of heat (4)

Back 25

pain control, increased ROM/decreased joint stiffness, accelerated healing, infrared radiation for psoriasis

Front 26

contraindications for heat (6)

Back 26

recent/potential hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, impaired sensation, impaired mentation, malignant tumor, IR irradiation of the eyes.

Front 27

precautions of heat (10)

Back 27

acute injury/inflammation, pregnancy, impaired circulation, poor thermal regulation, edema, cardiac insuficiency, metal in the area, over an open wound, where topical counterirritants have recently been applied, demyelinated nerves

Front 28

adverse effects of heat (4)

Back 28

burning, fainting, bleeding, skin and eye damage from infrared radiation

Front 29

temperature of hot pack

Back 29

water is 158-167 deg F

Front 30

temperature of paraffin

Back 30

126 to 134 deg F

Front 31

temperature of fluidotherapy

Back 31

100 to 118 deg F

Front 32

setting of infrared lamps

Back 32

45 to 60 cm away

Front 33

temperatures of contrast baths

Back 33

100-111 deg F and 50 to 64 deg F