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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbodydrates
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ex. are starch, glucose, sugar. building blocks are monosacharydes
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Monosacharides
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1 sugar unit ex: glucose
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Disacharides
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2 sugar units ex: sucrose or lactose
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polysaccharides
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more than two sugar units ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Lipids
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carbon hydrogen oxygen. ex: cellmembrane, fat, oil, lard. functions as long term storage. can be saturated unsaturated or partially hydrogenated. building blocks are fatty acids, glycerol. satured= all single bonds and are solid at room temp. ex: butter. unsaturated= at least one double bond and liquid at room temp. ex: olive oil. partially hydragenated= all single bonds but extra hydrogens have been added on to make molecules more stable, solid at room temp.
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Partially Hydrogenated food
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too much of this or foods with saturated fats leads to build up of cholesteral in blood vessels, making the blood vessels smaller.
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Cholesteral
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high blood pressure and coronary heart disease. cholesteral builds up around age 12.
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Proteins
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made of smaller sub units called amino acids. Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, AND NITROGEN, making it unique. bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds. lots of amino acids together make a polypeptide. most important protein is an enzyme which speeds up chemical reactions. and example of proteins are skin, muscle, and beans. the building blocks of proteins are amino acids and polypeptides.
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Nucleic acids
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3 molecules, sugar group, phosphate group and nitrogen group. carry info for making all proteins. make up genes. there are two types DNA and RNA
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DNA
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Adenine-Thymine bond Guanine-Cytosine bond. Dioxyribose nucleic acid 2 strands. when DNA sequence is messed up mutations occur which can cause cancer.
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RNA
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Adenine- URASOL bond Guanine-Cytosine bond. Ribose nucleic acid. 1 strand.
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pH
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concentration of H+ ions. Acids have more bases have less
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reactants and products
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products come after the arrow and reactants before.
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Macromolecules
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lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
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Buffer
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the control of an experiment
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happy atoms
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atoms are happy when all their rings are filled up 2-8-8 and so on
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elements differ
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# of protons, nuetrons, and elctrons
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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Isotope
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atoms of the same element with different numbers of electrons. used to measure pollution by measuring the radioactive isotopes in the air and figuring out how much pollution is in the air. ozone is a compound polluting the atmosphere
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Ionic bonds V. Covalent bonds
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ionic bonds: 1 atom gives away electrons to an atom with less electrons. Covalent bonds: sharing electrons.
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4 molecules of life
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lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins
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enzyme
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speeds up chemical reactions without being used up itself. type of protein
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buffer controls...
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pH keps it regulated so pH stays the same.
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cell transport how things move in and out of a cell
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diffusion and osmosis.
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Diffusion
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movement of substance from high concentration to a low concentration
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Osmosis
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movement of WATER across membrane from high concentration to low.
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Solvent
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amount of water or liquid something has
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Isotonic
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equal amount of solvent on each side of the membrane.
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Hypertonic
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more solvent than other side of membrane
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Hypotonic
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less solute than other side of membrane
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cell membrane
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barrier that protects cell 3 parts. 35% of the membrane is phospholipid. each has lipid bilayer, meaning it has two layers of phospholipids. 60% of membrane is made of various proteins like: channels, markers, and receptors
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Phospholipid
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polar heads like water=hydrophillic, non polar tails hate water=hydrophobic
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channels
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pores that go through the membrane and let in hydrophillic molecules.
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markers
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made of both protein and carbohydrates.
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receptor
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sits on outside of the cell and relays messages to the inside of the cell
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Organells
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small structures within cell, specialized functions, found in eukaryotic cells (has nucleus) only . not found in prokaryotic cells, bacteria, all with no nucleus.
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Nucleus
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controls the actions of a cell, has DNA found in both Plants and Animals. chromosome and nucleolus (makes ribosome)
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Cytoplasm
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liquid substance that contains enxymes, lipids, proteins, nucleotides...etc. makes up majority of the cell. Found in Plants and Animals
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Ribosomes
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makes protein, found in both plants and animals
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Mitochondria
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converts food to energy. in both plants and animals *check about this... unsure
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chloroplasts
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convert light engery into chemical engergy (ATP) found only in plants
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Cell Wall
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gives cell support and shape found only in plants
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Centrioles
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helps the cell make copies of itself found mainly in animals
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Golgi Complex
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packaging, found in both plants and animals
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Cell Membrane
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protects the cell, selectively allow s substances to pass into the cell found in both plants and animals
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Lysosomes
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vesicles contain digestive enxymes, break down and recycle old organells
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Vacuole
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storage area for liquid. big in plants small in animals
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molecules and charge
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how molecules enter the cell membrane will depend on their charge and their size
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non charged molecules
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polar, use diffusion between phospholipids in membrane no energy required
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small charged
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non polar have to use active transports to open a gate and go through the protein channels. they go against their concentation gradient ATP required
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large molecules
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use channels to get through because they are too big to pass on thier own between the phospholipids. ATP required
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Very large molecules
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like cells go can go into a cel my endocytosis while very large molecules can be taken out of cell by exocytosis. ATP required
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Free energy
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ATP
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potential energy
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the energy that you could have if you were moving
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kinetic enrergy
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energy of motion
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process of conferting food to free energy
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cellular respiration
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cellular respiration
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Glucose + O2 (small 2) (arrow shown) CO2 (small two) + H2O (small two) + ATP
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aerobic and anaerobic
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aerobic is respiration with oxygen and anaerobic is respiration without oxygen
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aerobic respiration has 3 stages
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1. glycolisis: sugar splitting. 1 glucose + 2 ATP (arrow shown) 2 pyruvates + 4 ATP + 2NADH. NADH goes to mitochondria to become ATP. 6 carbon molecule becomes two 3 carbon molecules (pyruvate) 2. Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria. 3. Electron Transport Chain NADH+ FADH2 (small two) become ATP. Oxygen picks up electrons and and H from FADH2 to become water. (H2O) 38 molecules of ATP are made.
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Anaerobic respiration
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when no oxygen is there pyruvate is made in glycolysis go through anaerobic respiration. Pyruvate in animals becomes ATP (2) and lactic acid. pyruvate in other organisms yeast and bacteria become ATP (2) CO2 and alcohol. less efficient, little ATP made.
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ecosystem @ living community and its enviorment ex: reainforest
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tundra
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abiotic factors @ non living things in an ecosystem (water
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air
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decomposers @ decompose stuff
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ex: mushrooms
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