Sts Two Columns

Front 1

科技的社会研究

Back 1

Science and Technology Studies


运用社会学的概念、方法，把科技作为社会现象进行研究。
科学、技术与社会——研究科学技术与社会的相互关系。广义的，在一般意义上讨论科技与社会各方面（政治、经济、教育、法律、文学艺术等）的相互关系、相互影响，科技的社会运行机制，科学技术的社会控制（科技政策），科学技术的社会功能，科技伦理等。


Science and Technology Studies (STS) is a relatively new field of study, interdisciplinary but coherent enough to have the basic characteristics of a discipline or field. An origin story could identify such key moments in the birth process of this field as the first publication of Science Studies (later Social Studies of Science) in Edinburgh in 1971, the founding of the Society for Social Studies of Science in 1975, and the historical first meeting of the society at Cornell University in 1976. It is clear that STS is something
different from its constitutive elements – history, philosophy, and sociology of science and technology. It is not so clear what STS is except that it is a hybrid discipline and interdisciplinary.

Front 2

科学知识的社会学

Back 2

Sociology of Scientific Knowledge

Front 3

科学社会学

Back 3

Sociology of Science

Front 4

科学共同体

Back 4

[kē xué gòng tóng tǐ]

Scientific Comunity

Front 5

科学组织

Back 5

[kē xué zǔ zhī]

Scientific Organizations

Front 6

技术转移

Back 6

[jì shù zhuǎn yí]

Technology Transfer

Front 7

科技合作

Back 7

[kē jì hé zuò]

Techno-scientific cooperation

Front 8

科技立法

Back 8

[kē jì lì fǎ]

Techno-scientific legislation

Front 9

科学普及

Back 9

[kē xué pǔ jí]

Popularization of Science

Front 10

默顿

Back 10

[mò dùn]

Merton



1. 1935年哈佛大学研究生默顿在科学史家萨顿的指导下写了博士论文，用社会学的方法对十七世纪英格兰社会科学技术的发展，科学发展的社会前提、文化背景与价值观念，科学作为一种社会建制与社会的交互作用都作了具体而又深入的分析。
2. 看到斯大林主义和国家社会主义对科学的压迫，默顿也通过结构功能主义大力呼吁要保卫科学的自由。
3. 民主社会中的科学有一套独特的伦理规范，在某种程度上应和社会其它部分分开。

MERTON, ROBERT K. (1910–2003)
From the start to the finish of a long life, Merton had an immense effect on sociology, though his work is better known than his
name. His doctoral thesis (1970) (published in 1938 as Science, Technology and Society in 17th-century England) helped establish the sociological study of science as a legitimate exercise. The same year the American Sociological Review published his essay ‘Social structure and anomie’ (1938). Seventy years on it is still reprinted and read with benefit. From 1942–71 he was deputy to Paul Lazarsfeldat the Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research and there he played a major role in encouraging scholars to develop what he called theories of the middle range.

Front 11

社会秩序

Back 11

[shè huì zhì xù]
Social order

Front 12

价值

Back 12

[jià zhí]

Value-s

Front 13

规范

Back 13

[guī fàn]

Standard, norm

Front 14

科学规范论

Back 14

Scientific norm

Front 15

体制

Back 15

[tǐ zhì]

System

Front 16

社会规范

Back 16

Social norm

Front 17

默顿，1942 《关于科学与民主的笔记》

Back 17

科学具有一种精神气质把从事科学的人联系在一起。这种精神气质是价值和规范的综合体。这些规范以指令、禁止、偏爱、许可的形式表现出来，又进一步合法化成为体制的价值，因而形式为一种命令或规则，通过规矩和事例得到传播，通过赏罚得到加强；这就使科学家在不同程度上把这种东西内化，形成科学良心。

Front 18

普遍主义

Back 18

pǔ biàn zhǔ yì

Universalism



人们评价任何科研成果都应以科学本身的价值为准则。而不应该考虑政治的、人种的、社会的、文化的、宗教信仰等其他方面的因素。

Front 19

公有主义

Back 19

gōng yǒu zhǔ yì

Communalism


科学发现本质上是社会合作的产物,它属于整个共同体以至整个社会。

Front 20

社会建构论

Back 20

Social constructivism


建构论者认为科学知识是社会建构的产物。

Front 21

客观

Back 21

[kè guān]

Objective

Front 22

合理

Back 22

[hé lǐ]

Rational

Front 23

路德维克·弗里克

Back 23

Ludwik Fleck


波兰的物理和微生物学家，对科学有高度独创性见解的观察者。

Front 24

思想集体

Back 24

[sī xiǎng jí tǐ]

Collective Thought

Front 25

思想风格

Back 25

[sī xiǎng fēng gé]

Thought Style

Front 26

事实

Back 26

[shì shí]
fact

Front 27

大科学

Back 27

Big Science


1、科学技术活动的社会化。大科学时代，科学技术成为“社会工程”、“社会事业”，如阿波罗计划（2万多家公司、120所大学、400万人、250亿美元）、曼哈顿计划。科学技术对社会产生巨大社会影响，引起人们对科学技术的反思。

Front 28

阿波罗计划

Back 28

[ā bō luó jì huà]

Apollo Project

Front 29

曼哈顿计划

Back 29

jì huà

Manhattan Project

Front 30

原子弹

Back 30

[yuán zǐ dàn]

Atomic Bomb

Front 31

工程师

Back 31

[gōng chéng shī]

Engineer

Front 32

生物化学武器

Back 32

shēng wù huà xué wǔ qì

biological and chemical weapons

Front 33

女权主义

Back 33

[nǚ quán zhǔ yì]
feminism

Front 34

社会权威

Back 34

[shè huì quán wēi]

social authority

Front 35

机构

Back 35

[jī gòu]

Organization

Front 36

精英主义

Back 36

[jīng yīng zhǔ yì]

elitism

Front 37

意识形态

Back 37

[yì shi xíng tài]

ideology

Front 38

中立

Back 38

zhōng lì

neutral

Front 39

弱纲领

Back 39

[ruò gāng lǐng]

Weak Program


说明科学知识的内容如何受到社会因素影响，以及建立科学知识与社会世界之间的因果关系。虽然强调科学知识的社会性质， 但并不完全否认其认识特征。

Wikipedia: David Bloor, one of SSK's early champions, has contrasted the so-called 'weak programme' (or 'program' — either spelling is used) which merely gives social explanations for erroneous beliefs, with what he called the 'strong programme', which considers sociological factors as influencing all beliefs.

Front 40

强纲领

Back 40

[qiáng gāng lǐng]

Strong Program



语词就是世界（the word is the world），是科学家建构了“思想和表述的对象。否定物质实在对观察的约束作用和对理论选择的决定性影响。

Devised in the 1970s by Edinburgh-based philosopher and sociologist of science, David Bloor, the Strong Programme set out an innovative and provocative approach to the sociological study of science. Bloor argued that all human beliefs are equally in need of explanation, whether we think of those beliefs as true or false.

The strong programme is particularly associated with the work of two groups: the Edinburgh School (David Bloor and his colleagues of the Science Studies Unit at the University of Edinburgh), and the Bath School (Harry Collins and others formerly from the Science Studies Unit at the University of Bath).

Front 41

认识论

Back 41

[rèn shi lùn]

epistemology

Front 42

经验研究

Back 42

[jīng yàn yán jiū]

Empirical Research

Front 43

实验室研究

Back 43

[shí yàn shì yán jiū]

Laboratory Studies


1. 70年代末兴起，侧重于对科学工作的实际场所进行直接的观察。
2. 多使用民族志或人类学方法。
3. 允许直接观察科学家日常实践的微观互动过程，探究科学事实和文本产品是如何在实验室的特定范畴生产出来的。
4. 实验室实践是一种文化，实践的结果—科学事实，也是由文化定型的。
5. 实验室使得我们可以考察自然秩序和社会秩序的结盟过程。