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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define "Complementizer" |
refers to any kind of connector that links a dependent clause to an independent clause; (1) subordinating/adverbial subordinators (2) relative pronouns (3) noun clause complementizers |
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Define "adverbial subordinator" |
Sentence modifier, sentence initial/ or coming from Adverbial Clause node alongside S' ***signals the beginning of an embedded clause, and indicates in a single word or two/three-word string that embedded sentence is adverbial in nature, that is, it modifies the main clause's verb in some way. *position where *manner just as *time before/after *frequency as often as *purpose in order to *cause/reason because -temporal/conditional/causal/concessive - |
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Define "relative pronoun" |
1. It "connects and embeds" 2. It serves a grammatical function |
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Define "noun clause complementizer" |
Serves simply to repeat the main idea |
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First 3 mapping rules |
1. copy s/t 2. wh-fronting 3.operator addition |
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the 4-7 Mapping Rules |
4.not placement 5. not contraction 6. subj-operator inversion |
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Final 3 Mapping Rules |
7. adverb movement 8. Relative pronoun substitution 9. relative pronoun fronting 10. relative pronoun deletion |
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An example of an adverbial clause |
"Mom arrived with dinner [after we ordered a pizza]."
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An example of an adjectival (relative) clause: SS
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subject of the embedded sentence is identical to the subject of the main clause the boy[the boy is outside] is my brother |
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An example of a noun clause |
*the dependent "that clause" seems to stand in for a complete NP* "He claims that he's been to France." |
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An example of an adjectival (relative) clause: OS |
subject of the embedded sentence is identical to the object of the main clause I read the book [the book has been recommended]. |
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An example of an adjectival (relative) clause: SO |
Object of the embedded sentence is identical to the subject of the main clause "The tent that you bought is in the garage." the tent [you bought the tent] is in the garage |
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An example of an adjectival (relative) clause: OO |
Object of the embedded sentence is identical to the object of the main clause "The boy is working the hotdog stand that he inherited from his father." the boy is working the hotdog stand [he inherited the hotdog stand from his father] |
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Similarities between noun clause, relative clause, and adverbial clause. |
* All link a dependent clause to an independent clause |
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Differences between noun clause, relative clause, and adverbial clause. |
RC, NC, and AC all function to provide more information about the feature they modify; RC is adjectival and modifies a noun(subj or obj), NC simply provide further information about the noun(subj or obj), and AC provide insight into details modifying the verb of the independent/main clause Relative Clauses appear off a NP node; Noun clauses off a NP node, and Adverbials either off S, in s-initial, or off Predicate when S-final. |
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examples of preposition deletion (within adverbials) |
Vp-> V(get) + Prep P-> Prep(null) + NP(home) (null)every monday; (null) there/here; (null)next week |
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An important exception for "adverbial complementizers" |
*Embedded within a noun phrase; adjectival in nature, but uses a traditionally adverbial complementizer: "where" , "when" and "why" are adverbial substitutes for a prepositional phrase from the embedded clause: prep + (which) +place (where) , prep +(which) + time (when) , prep+(which)+reason (why) |
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identify subject pronoun |
functions as a subj NP "she loves…" |
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identify obj pronoun |
functions as a direct, indirect, or prepositional object "I love him" |
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identify possessive pronoun |
replaces an entire possessive NP "That is mine." "Hers is the one on the shelf." |
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identify possessive determiner |
shows possession in a NP; core determiner pre-det. + [poss. det] + post-det "My dog…" "Her parents…" |
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identify demonstrative determiner |
determiner that locates the N "That dog is annoying" |
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identify demonstrative pronoun |
a demonstrative word that replaces an entire subj or obj NP "I don't care for that" "That is the worst." |
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identify reciprocal pronoun |
replaces NP objects and refers back to Subj NP "They loved one another" |
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identify reflexive pronoun |
replaces NP object that have the same referent as the Subj "I make problems for myself" "You hit yourself" *himself and themselves are irregular; (*hisself, *theirselves) |
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identify indefinite compound pronoun |
*"not referential in and of themselves" *but will serve often as antecedents for referential forms or cooccur with referential forms such as -else ie. "somebody" "someone" "something" "anybody"…etc. |
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identify singular "they" |
15th century - to present "third person singular pronoun" -unmarked |
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identify 's possessive |
expresses possession, as well as agency/source, kinship, professional, or other social relationships, traits (physical or otherwise), representation, evaluation, measurement, subj+nominalized verb **can often be ambiguous! "John's Portrait". |
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identify of possessive |
traditionally: 's form with human head nouns, and of form with non-human head nouns Marlene's husband The end of the road HOWEVER Works of Shakespeare The dog's tail |
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identify direct object |
completes the argument structure of a verb; indicates the the thing or person being acted upon I wrote that paper. |
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identify eliciting indirect object |
elicits a response; "think ask" "I asked a favor of her" |
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identify benefactive indirect object |
Done for the benefit of someone or something, "think make" "I called in dinner for my family" |
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identify dative indirect object |
"think give" "I'll deliver this to him". |
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identify passive with indirect object as subject |
"I was given a raise by my Boss." |
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identify dominance |
"a dominant constituent in a sentence is the one that a speaker has chosen to highlight/call attention to" *determines when indirect object alternation will happen |
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identify indirect object alternation |
Conditions: *most not all * dialects don't allow the IO to be post verbal if the DO is a pronoun (it) and the IO is a noun "I mailed a letter to mom". "I mailed mom a letter".
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identify benefactive "for" |
"My boyfriend made dinner for me" |
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identify proxy "for" |
In place of "I went to the store for my mother" |
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identify verb of transfer |
Movement inflicted on a DO that is for IO "I slid the drink to the customer at the bar" |
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identify verb of future possession (non possession) |
Verbs that speak of the recipient's future possession/nonpossession of something "I was promised a break." "The teacher allotted time for us". |
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Theta Roles *recipient *theme *agent |
IO: always the recipient despite place in sentence DO: the theme , generally unaffected Agent: is the doer of the action; out of own volition
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identify attributive adjective |
NP->(det)(AP)N Attributive Position; Before a noun "The silly child" |
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identify predicate adjective |
VP->cop AP Predicative Position; after be copula and other copular verbs |
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identify post-nominal adjective |
Typically modifies object nouns, and only occurs with certain verbs (ie. consider, like, think, prefer, declare, report, believe, imagine, hold, want, make, get, keep) |
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identify reference adjective |
Shows the reference of the head noun has already been determined "I saw the exact man earlier!" |
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identify present participle adjective |
Attributive, predicative, or post-nominal predicative "The movie is thrilling." |
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identify past participle adjective |
Attributive, predicative, or post-nominal predicative "The book is well loved" |
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identify restrictive adjective |
*Necessary for defining which noun is being referred to "I drive the yellow car". |
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identify gradable adjective |
*Can be placed on a continuum "I found the rarest stone." |
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Distinguishing Adjectival Participles from Verbal Participles |
Test: can "very" be attributed to the forms? Yes? Then Adjectival ; No? Then verbal. ie. "The magician is very amusing." -or- "*The magician is very amusing us with his tricks." |
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identify verb + preposition co-occurrence |
Sometimes, the same verb can co-occur with different prepositions and have very different meanings. Other times, the preposition may differ but the phrases are semantically similar. "to rely on" - "to detract from" - "to consist of" - "to substitute for" - "to part with" |
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identify deletable prepositions (i) optional |
(i). a. when "for" expresses a span of time; "I've lived here (for) ages. b. when "on" is used before days of the week; "I went skiing (on) Saturday." c. When giving responses that would cue temporal use of "in","at","on","for"; "How long you live here?" "(For)Two years."
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identify deletable prepositions (ii) obligatory |
(ii). a. when the temporal noun phrase contains a determiner used deictically (last, next, this) or when the head noun of the NP contains deictic concepts like "before, after, next, last, or this" as part of its meaning (i.e. yesterday, tomorrow, tonight) ; I was busy (*on) last friday. I will be gone (*on) tonight. b. When the temporal noun phrase contains a universal quantifier, like every/all. I stayed in Florida (*for) all week. c. when a locative noun, like "home" or "downtown" or pro-adverbs like "there" or "here" are used with a verb of motion/direction. I went (*to) home. She walks (*to) here. |
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identify co-occurring nonadjacent prepositions |
"out of the frying pan and into the flames" |
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identify complex prepositions |
string of one preposition to a noun which is followed by another preposition. *multi-word clusters "I found it at the bottom of the stairs." "I am in charge of the party." |
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identify source prepositions |
"I picked an apple from a tree." "I drank from the water fountain." " |
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identify metaphorical extension of "in" |
"Thom is in trouble." |
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identify genitive use of "of" |
"A friend of mine" "Wing of a bat" |
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identify collocation with preposition |
"I received a loan for the purpose of buying a car today." |
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identify verb + preposition ( against phrasal verbs) |
If the word in question seems adverbial, then it may be a preposition and not a participle. 1. Adverb Insertion "We turned quickly off the road." "*We turned quickly off the light." 3.wh-fronting "About what does he write?" "*Up what does he write?" |
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identify phrasal verb (against verb + preposition) |
Only particles in separable phrasal verbs and not prepositions allow: 1.Passivization The light was turned off. *The road was turned off. 3. NP Insertion We turned the light off. *We turned the road off. |
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identify transitive phrasal verb |
"I turned on the radio." |
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identify intransitive phrasal verb |
"The car broke down." |
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identify separable phrasal verb |
*Only transitive phrasal verbs *Separation is obligatory when the DO is a pronoun. |
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identify inseparable phrasal verb |
*Controversy over they are truly phrasal verbs or prepositions co-occurring with verbs (run into, get over, come across, look into, go for, go over) |
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identify phrasal verb plus preposition |
Some phrasal verbs require prepositions and are intransitive; put up with, look in on, look get along with, run up against, give in to, keep up with, catch up with |
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identify literal phrasal verb |
"Please pick up your clothes." "Sit down" "Stand up" "throw away" "fall down" "carry out" |
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identify idiomatic phrasal verb |
"I was chewed out by a customer." |
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identify phrasal verb that is always separated |
"See it through" "get through (when used with a DO/not separated when no DO and just IO) |
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identify (i)sentence initial adverbial phrase |
Either expresses probability, usuality, presumption, desirability "Fortunately, I got to school on time." |
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identify (ii) sentence initial prepositional phrase |
"Of the contestants, she was the best." |
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identify (iii) sentence initial adverbial clause |
"Because we were late, I grabbed our lunch to go." |
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identify (i) sentence final adverbial phrase |
"We set out for gold northwards." |
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identify (II) sentence final prepositional phrase |
"We set out in a silly manner." |
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identify (iii) sentence final adverbial clause |
"We set out because we had nothing left to do." |
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identify specific or general adverbial of frequency |
Specific: "I brush my teeth every day." "I do laundry once a week." general: "I go there occasionally." "I eat pork now and again." |
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identify preverbal adverb of frequency -- positive |
"usually", "always", "often", "all" |
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identify preverbal adverb of frequency--negative |
"never" , "not ever" , "not usually" , "seldom", "scarcely ever" |
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identify phrasal preverbal adverb of frequency --positive |
"I'm almost always on time" |
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identify phrasal preverbal adverb of frequency --negative |
"I'm not always here." |
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identify adverbial participle |
"Having been up all night, I'm sleepy today." |
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identify restrictive relative clause |
"She's the one who has the books in her arms." |
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identify relativized object of a preposition |
"I know the place which john spoke about." |
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identify relativized subject |
"The girl who speaks french is my friend" |
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identify relative pronoun substitution |
"The girl [the girl speaks french]is my friend." |
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identify relative pronoun deletion |
*more common with a non-human antecedent |
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identify relative possessive determiner |
"The man whose wife you're admiring is a wrestler". |
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identify relative adverb substitution |
I know the place where we are meeting. I know the place [we are meeting at the place] |
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identify free relative substitution |
"This is just what the doctor ordered." |
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identify relative pronoun + be deletion |
*usually when a relative clause is embedded within another relative clause *optional but not arbitrary
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identify "head noun deletion" |
reduces redundancy; ---allows a relative adverbial clause to exist in surface structure without a head noun "Sam knows the time when we are meeting."--->"Sam knows when we are meeting." |
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identify relative adverb deletion |
"The reason (why) I voted was silly." |
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identify appositive |
*relative pronoun+be deletion; "Mr. Peters, (who is) our new neighbor, has twelve cats." |
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identify nonrestrictive relative clause -appositive type |
"My mother, an animal lover, riders horses." |
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identify nonrestrictive relative clause - commentary type |
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