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31 Cards in this Set
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Ayan |
The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule -colluded with provincial officials to cheat the sultan of taxes - skimmed revenue from countryside peasants |
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Selim III |
Sultan who ruled Ottoman from 1789 to 1807 -aimed at improving efficiency of administration -built new army and navy -toppled by jannisaries in 1807 -tried to innovate empire more post-incorporation of printing press -reforms led to his downfall |
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Mahmud II |
Ottoman Sultan -built a private, professional army -instigated Janissarian revolution, crushes revolution with private army -destroys power of janissaries -westernized Ottoman empire -drove Janissaries onto streets of Istanbul -created diplomatic corps -westernized entire ottoman army |
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Tanzimat Reforms |
Between 1839 and 1876 -established western-esque university, focus on science and math -postal system, railroads -legal reforms -new constitution in 1876 -news papers -artisans were hurt by reforms bc competition -women did not benefit extremely |
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Abdul Hamid |
Ottoman sultan who tried to return to old ways -reigned from 1878 to 1908 -nullified constitution -restricted civil liberties -overthrown in 1908 coup -upset the westernized elite groups -dissidents were tortured and killed -german advisors enhanced military -railways linked baghdad to Europe |
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Ottoman Society for Union and Progress |
Opposition to Abdul Hamid -called the Young turks -wanted to restore old constitution -attempted assassinations -series of divisions within dissidents |
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Murad |
Head of Egyptian Mamluk ruler coalition -opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt, handily defeated -his failure destroyed mamluk government and revealed muslim vulnerability -cocky towards Napoleon -Lost Battle of the Pyramids -used outdated armor and weapons |
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Muhammed Ali |
Won power after fall of Mamluks -united Egypt under his rule by 1811 -westernized army with technology and tactics -could challenge ottomans by 1830 -instituted conscription -hired French to train his army -invaded Syria -could not transform all Egyptian society |
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Khedives |
Descendants of Muhammed Ali -formal rulers despite French and English intervention -overthrown in 1952 - Intermarried with Turkish families |
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Suez Canal |
Connects Mediterranean to Red Sea -financed by Egyptian investors with indebtedness of khedives -allowed British intervention -eases trade in region -key for colonial powers to reach Asia |
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani + Muhammed Abduh |
Muslim thinker and disciple in late 1800s -stressed need for adoption of western thinking -recognizes importance of rational inquiry -wants to revert to period of Islamic thinking superiority -did not think Qur'an should be taken literally and did not think it was the source of knowledge |
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Ahmad Arabi |
Egyptian military officer who led revolt against Turkish dominance in the army in 1882 -forced khedives regime to call in British forces -caused riots in Alexandria -led to permanent British influence |
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Khartoum |
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan -fierce opposition to Egyptian control of Sudan by nomads |
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Muhammed Ahmad |
Head of a Sudan Sufi group -claimed descent from Muhammed himself -denounced both Egyptians and British -tried to purge Islam of infidels -captured Khartoum -united diverse people of the region -dreamed of toppling Ottomans and invading Europe |
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Mahdi |
Generic term for a promised deliverer -thought to be a descendant of Muhammed the prophet -Associated with Muhammed Ahmad after he was recognized as a descendent of Muhammed due to his cleft and mole |
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Khalifa Abdallahi |
Successor of Muhammed Ahmad as leader of Mahdists -established Sudanese state -defeated by British in 1898 -strong military commander before assuming control -built a conservative and strict Muslim society |
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Nurhaci |
Architect of Manchu unity -created banner armies -controlled most of Manchuria -adopted Chinese bureaucracy -entered China and took Beijing -adopted Chinese traditions and court rituals -took 2 decades to take the south |
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Banner armies |
Eight armies of the Manchu -created by Nurhaci -each associated with a tribe to create unity -Beat Ming empire and established Qing -combined calvary units |
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Qing |
Manchu dynasty that controlled most of China -forced submission of nomadic peoples in west -compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma -Largest area ruled since Tang dynasty -Retained most of the same political system -kept many of the same officials -pardoned those who previously resisted them |
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Kangxi |
Confucian scholar and Manchu Emperor during Qing dynasty -Patron of the Chinese arts -compiled great encyclopedias -extended Chinese influence to Manchuria |
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Compradors |
New group of merchants in Qing dynasty -specialized in imports and exports on southern coast -major link between china and outside world -resulted from massive silver influx -No more trade restrictions under the Qing |
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Opium War |
Between British and Chinese, began in 1839 -fought to protect British opium trade -after British victory, Hong Kong opens as a British port -Caused by forced trade of only silver and opium -Exported Indian opium to China -led to silver flowing out of China -Wealthy Chinese lost lots of Chinese wealth -Many attempts to end trade |
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Lin Zexu |
Distinguished Chinese official designated to stop opium trade in southern China -ordered blockades and confiscation of opium -exiled after beginning of war -last resort of Chinese after many attempts to curb industry -instigated the Opium war -wouldn't end programs despite British requests |
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Taiping Rebellion |
Rebellion that begins in South China in 1850s -led by Hong Xiquan -series of surprising victories -after capturing cities, lots of internal struggles, leading to end of the revolution -quality of commanders and training decreases -No claims were implemented -Most serious alternative to Qing rule |
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Hong Xiuquan |
Leader of Taiping rebellion -converted to Chinese form of Christianity -attacked Confucian teachings and elite -had talented commanders -banned opium and his own religion turned off Europeans from supporting the movement -offered social reform, land redistribution, help for women |
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Zeng Guofan |
One of the best officials in bureaucracy -introduced western technologies and military reforms -one of the best defenders of the Qing -helped fend of Tiaping by providing military force -revived stagnating economy -encouraged western investment in China |
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Self-Strengthening Movement |
Late 19th century countering of Western challenges -led by provincial leaders -modernized armies -suppressed Tiaping violently -created railways and factories |
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Cixi |
Ultraconservative dowager empress -Dominates last decades of Qing -supported Boxer Rebellion -nephew emperor was imprisoned in forbidden city -advocates for reform killed or exiled -Manchus relied on division amongst people and European powers to maintain their own power |
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Boxer Rebellion |
Xenophobic response to Westerners -wanted to drive them out -Failed bc of Western intervention -Defeat of Chinese enhanced European control -More power to provincial officials -Movement backed by Cixi |
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Sun Yat-sen |
Head of Revolutionary Alliance -led 1911 revolution against Qing -Elected president in 1911 -Created Nationalist party in 1919 -result of push for strong, western state -thought that seizing power would allow for new reforms
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Puyi |
Last emperor of China -deposed in 1912 as a boy -Provincial officials refused to put down rebellion |
