Step 1 Pathology Kaplan Chapter 1

Front 1

What is pathology?

Back 1

The study of disease and concerns itself with the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical significance of different diseases

Front 2

What is etiology?

Back 2

The cause of a disease

Can be genetic or acquired

Front 3

What is pathogenesis?

Back 3

Sequence and patterns of cellular injury that lead to disease

Front 4

What kind of morphologic changes take place in a disease process?

Back 4

Gross changes

Microscopic changes

Front 5

What methods are available to the pathologist for the study of disease?

Back 5

1. Gross examination of organs

2. Microscopic examination of tissue

3. Ancillary techniques

4. Molecular techniques

Front 6

What are some useful gross features to take note of in the gross examination of tissues?

Back 6

1. Size

2. Shape

3. Consistency

4. Color

Front 7

How can structural morphology be revealed?

Back 7

1. With stains such as hematoxylin and eosin

2. With histochemical stains (chemical reactions)

3. With immunohistochemical (antibody stains)

Front 8

What structures are stained with hematoxylin (blue stain)?

Back 8

1. Nucleus

2. Nucleolus

3. Bacteria

4. Calcium

Front 9

What structures are stained with eosin (pink stain)?

Back 9

1. Cytoplasm

2. Collagen

3. Fibrin

4. RBC's

5. Thyroid colloid

Front 10

What are some of the histochemical stains available?

Back 10

1. Prussian blue

2. Congo red

3. Acid fast (Ziel-Neelson, Fite)

4. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

5. Gram stain

6. Trichrome

7. Reticulin

Front 11

What are some of the immunohistochemical (antibody) stains available?

Back 11

1. Cytokeratin

2. Vimentin

3. Desmin

4. Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Front 12

What are ancillary techniques?

Back 12

1. Immunofluorescence microscopy

2. Transmission electron microscopy

Front 13

What are ancillary techniques used for?

Back 13

1. Renal diesases

2. Autoimmune diseases

3. Neoplasms

4. Infections

5. Genetic disorders

Front 14

What molecular techniques are available in pathology?

Back 14

1. Protein electrophoresis

2. Southern and western blots

3. PCR

Front 15

What is prussian blue stain used for?

Back 15

To detect iron in biopsy specimens

Hint 15

Review Question:

Which histochemical stain is most appropriate for a patient with increased serum levels of ferritin and transferrin saturation?

Prussian Blue

Front 16

What is congo red stain used for?

Back 16

To detect amyloid fibers

Front 17

What is the acid fast stain used for?

Back 17

To detect:

1. Mycobacteria

2. The head of sperm

3. Bacterial spores

4. Cryptosporidium parvum

5. Isospora and Cyclospora cysts

Hint 17

Review Question:

Which histochemical stain is most appropriate for the sputum of a patient who has signs and symptoms of pneumonia/TB?

Acid fast

Front 18

What is the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain used for?

Back 18

To detect:

1. The different types of glycogen storage diseases

2. Paget's disease

3. Alveolar sarcome

4. Whipple's disease

5. α1-antitrypsin deficiency

6. Erythroleukemia

Front 19

What is the gram stain used for?

Back 19

To differentiate bacterial species into two large groups: gram positive and gram negative

Front 20

What is the trichrome stain used for?

Back 20

To stain muscle fibers red and collagen fibers green or blue

This is necessary since smooth muscle fibres may be difficult to differentiate from collagen

Front 21

What is the reticulin stain used for?

Back 21

It is used to visualize reticular fibers and used extensively in liver histopathology

Front 22

What is the cytokeratin stain used for?

Back 22

Cytokeratin staining is typical for neoplasms of epithelial origin (carcinomas

Front 23

What is the vimentin stain used for?

Back 23

To detect mesenchymal cells and mesenchymal derived tumors e.g. lymphoma, sarcoma and melanoma

Front 24

What is the desmin stain used for?

Back 24

To detect most tumors of myogenic origin, including leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 25

H&E staining allows us to

Back 25

Reveal the structural morphology of tissues

Morphologic study

Front 26

Histochemical staining allows us to

Back 26

Use specific reagents to stain specific endogenous and exogenous components and substances in cells and tissues

Front 27

Electron microscopy is useful in

Back 27

The study of diseases at an organelle level

Front 28

The great variety of diseases can be classified into four main groups:

Back 28

1. Developmental: manifested mainly in childhood

2. Inflammatory: affect both young and old individuals

3. Neoplastic: affect the elderly more than the young

4. Degenerative: affect the elderly more than the young