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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parkinson's disease
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Symptoms: tremor at rest, cogwheel rigidity, postural instability
Pathogenesis: Lewy bodies (alpha synuclein), loss of DA neurons in SNpc |
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Hemiballismus
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Symptoms: sudden wild flailing of one arm
Pathogenesis: contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion -> loss of inhibition of thalamus via GPi |
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Huntington's disease
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Symptoms: chorea, depression, progressive dementia
Pathogenesis: CAG repeats on chromosome 4, atrophy of GABA neurons in caudate |
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Frontal lobe lesion
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Symptoms: lack of social judgment, disinhibition
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Broca's area lesion
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Symptoms: nonfluent aphasia with good comprehension
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Wernicke's area lesion
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Symptoms: fluent aphasia with poor comprehension, neologisms (understandable, but makes no sense), right upper quadrantopia
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Amygdala lesion
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Symptoms: Kluger-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
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Right parietal lobe lesion
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Symptoms: hemispatial neglect on right side
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Poliomyelitis
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Symptoms: malaise, headache, fever, nausea, sore throat, LMN signs (muscle weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillation, hyporeflexia)
Pathogenesis: poliovirus spreading to CNS and causing destruction of anterior horn of spinal cord |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Symptoms: UMN and LMN signs, no sensory deficit
Pathogenesis: defect in superoxide dismutase 1 or betel nut ingestion |
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Tabes dorsalis
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Symptoms: impaired proprioception, locomotor ataxia, shooting pain, Argyll Robertson pupils (accommodate, but not reactive to light)
Pathogenesis: Degeneration of dorsal columns and roots due to tertiary syphilis |
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Occlusion of anterior spinal artery
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Symptoms: loss of motor and pain and temperature sensation bilaterally, proprioception spared
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Occlusion of posterior spinal arteries
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Symptoms: loss of proprioception bilaterally
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Vitamin B12 neuropathy
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Symptoms: ataxic gait, hyperreflexia, impaired proprioception
Pathogenesis: demyelination of dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts |
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Friedrich's ataxia
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Symptoms: staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, kyphoscoliosis in kids
Pathogenesis: AR trinucleotide repeat in frataxin gene, impairing mitochondrial function |
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Brown-Sequard syndrome
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Symptoms: ipsilateral UMN signs and loss of proprioception below levle of lesion, contralateral loss of pain and temperature below level of lesion, loss of all sensation and LMN signs at level of lesion
Pathogenesis: hemisection of spinal cord |
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Horner's syndrome
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Symptoms: ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (pupil constriction), anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
Pathogenesis: disruption of sympathetic innervation to face |
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Facial UMN lesion
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Symptoms: contralateral paralysis of lower side of face
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Facial LMN lesion (Bell's Palsy)
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Symptoms: ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face with inability to close eye on affected side
Pathogenesis: complete destruction of facial nucleus or its efferent branches, idiopathic, AIDS, Lyme, herpes, sarcoid, tumors, diabetes |
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Open angle glaucoma
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Symptoms: myopia, painless
Pathogenesis: obstructed aqueous humor outflow, increasing age, African-American |
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Closed angle glaucoma
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Symptoms: painful, decreased vision
Pathogenesis: obstruction of aqueous humor flow between lens and iris |
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Cataract
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Symptoms: painless bilateral opacification of lens causing decreased vision
Pathogenesis: age, smoking, sunlight, diabetes, trauma, infection |
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Papilledema
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Symptoms: bigger blind spot
Pathogenesis: increased intracranial pressure elevates optic disk |
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Marcus Gunn pupil
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Symptoms: decreased bilateral pupillary constriction on light shining into affected eye
Pathogenesis: optic nerve damage or retinal detachment |
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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Symptoms: nystagmus on abduction with medial rectus palsy
Pathogenesis: seen in MS |
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Anterior communicating artery aneurysm
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Symptoms: visual field defects
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Middle cerebral artery occlusion
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Symptoms: Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia, loss of motor and sensation to trunk, arm, and face, lack of attention
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Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
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Symptoms: CN III palsy
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PICA infarct
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Symptoms: Wallenberg's syndrome (nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia, nausea, vomiting, Horner's syndrome)
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Berry aneurysms
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Symptoms: rupture causes hemorrhagic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Basilar artery infarct
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Symptoms: locked-in syndrome
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Epidural hemorrhage
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Symptoms: lens-shaped on imaging
Pathogenesis: rupture of middle meningeal artery |
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Subdural hemorrhage
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Symptoms: crescent-shaped on imaging
Pathogenesis: rupture of bridging veins |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Symptoms: worst headache of life, vasospasm 2-3 days later
Pathogenesis: rupture of aneurysm Treatment: calcium channel blockers for vasospasm |
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Hydrocephalus
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Symptoms: dementia, gait problems, urinary incontinence
Pathogenesis: impaired absorption (communicating) or blockage of flow (noncommunicating) |
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Alzheimer's disease
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Symptoms: dementia
Pathogenesis: senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, rare familial associations |
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Pick's disease
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Symptoms: dementia, aphasia, Parkinsonian aspects
Pathogenesis: Pick's bodies (tau protein) in frontotemporal lobe |
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Creutzfeld-Jacob disease
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Symptoms: rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus
Pathogenesis: prions |
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Multiple sclerosis
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Symptoms: scanning speech, intention tremor, incontinence, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus
Pathogenesis: autoimmune inflammation and demyelination of brain and spinal cord Treatment: immunosuppression |
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Symptoms: symmetric ascending muscle weakness starting in lower extremities
Pathogenesis: infectious cause triggering autoimmune attack on peripheral myelin |
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Progressive focal leukencephalopathy
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Symptoms: demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes
Pathogenesis: JC virus or AIDS |
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
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Symptoms: motor and sensory neuropathy
Pathogenesis: defective production of proteins involved in structure and function of peripheral nerves or myelin sheath |
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Tuberous sclerosis
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Symptoms: hamartomas in CNS, skin, organs, cardiac rhabdomyoma, hypopigmented ash leaf spots
Pathogenesis: AD |
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Neurofibromatosis type I
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Symptoms: cafe-au-lait spots, neurofibromas of skin
Pathogenesis: AD |
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Von Hippel Lindau disease
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Symptoms: cavernous hemangiomas of skin, mucosa, and organs, RCC, hemangioblastoma
Pathogenesis: AD |
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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Symptoms: pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor cells bordering a central area of necrosis or hemorrhage, spread along corpus callosum
Pathogenesis: astrocytoma (GFAP marker) |
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Meningioma
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Symptoms: spindled cells in whorled pattern (psammoma bodies)
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Schwannoma
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Symptoms: acoustic neuroma
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Pituitary adenoma
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Symptoms: bitemporal hemianopia, hyper or hypopituitarism
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Medulloblastoma
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Symptoms: primitive neuroectodermal tumor in kids
Treatment: radiosensitive |
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Ependymoma
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Symptoms: hydrocephalus, increased ICP (papilledema, N/V, nuchal rigidity, acute mental status changes)
Pathogenesis: ependymal cells, pseudorosettes |
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Craniopharyngioma
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Symptoms: bitemporal hemianopia
Pathogenesis: benign childhood tumor derived from remnants of Rathke's pouch |
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Uncal herniation
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Symptoms: dilated pupils and ptosis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, ipsilateral paresis
Pathogenesis: temporal lobe herniates down the foramen magnum |
