Step 1 - Immuno - Cytokines And Interferons

Front 1

These mediators enhance NK cell activity

Back 1

IL-12, IFN-beta, IFN-alpha

Front 2

What inhibits Th1 cells?

Back 2

IL-10

Front 3

What inhibits Th2 cells?

Back 3

IFN-gamma

Front 4

What activates macrophages?

Back 4

IFN-gamma

Front 5

What stimulates differentiation of Th1 cells?

Back 5

IL-12

Front 6

What stimulates differentiation of Th2 cells?

Back 6

IL-4

Front 7

What do Th1 cells release?

Back 7

IL-2, IFN-gamma

Front 8

What do Th2 cells release?

Back 8

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10
(IL-2 self-stimulates; IL-4 and IL-5 induce isotype switching in B cells; IL-10 inhibits Th1 cells)

Front 9

These are the APCs

Back 9

Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

Front 10

Describe the macrophage-lymphocyte interaction

Back 10

They stimulate one another. Helper T-cells release IFN-gamma. Macrophages release IL-1 and TNF-alpha to stimulate helper T cells.

Front 11

What do macrophages release?

Back 11

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-alpha

Front 12

CD-14

Back 12

Endotoxin receptor, found on macrophages. Involved in Gram negative sepsis.

Front 13

What cytokines activate CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells?

Back 13

IL-2, IFN-gamma

Front 14

What activates B cells?

Back 14

IL-4, IL-5

Front 15

Signal 1 of Th activation

Back 15

CD4 binds MHCII

Front 16

Signal 2 of Th activation

Back 16

B7 (APC) binds CD28 (Th cell)

Front 17

Signal 1 of Tc activation

Back 17

CD8 binds MHCI

Front 18

Signal 2 of Tc activation

Back 18

IL-2 (from Th1)

Front 19

Signal 1 of B cell class switching

Back 19

Th2 secretes: IL-4 (IgE,IgG), IL-5 (IgA), IL-6

Front 20

Signal 2 of B cell class/isotype switching

Back 20

CD40 receptor (on B cell) binds CD40L (on Th2 cell)

Front 21

CD16

Back 21

NK cell marker (receptor for IgG Fc region)

Front 22

CD3

Back 22

T cell marker

Front 23

CD28

Back 23

Th cell marker; needed for signal 2, binding to B7 on APC's

Front 24

B7

Back 24

Found on APCs; necessary for signal 2 for Th cell activation

Front 25

What do Treg cells release?

Back 25

IL-10

Front 26

Secreted by all Th cells

Back 26

IL-2

Front 27

This mediator which supports the growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (similar to GM-CSF) is secreted by this cell

Back 27

IL-3 secreted by activated T cells

Front 28

This mediator is similar to GM-CSF ("colony stimulating factor")

Back 28

IL-3

Front 29

What does IL-1 do?

Back 29

Acute inflammation (eg, fever). Induces chemokine production to recruit leukocytes, and activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules. An endogenous pyrogen

Front 30

What does IL-2 do?

Back 30

Stimulates growth of T cells (both helper and cytotoxic)

Front 31

What does IL-3 do?

Back 31

Supports growth and differentation of bone marrow stem cells

Front 32

What does IL-4 do?

Back 32

Promotes B cell growth, and enhances class switching to IgE and IgG

Front 33

What does IL-5 do?

Back 33

Promotes B cell differentation, and enhances class switching to IgA. Also stimulates eosinophils.

Front 34

What interleukine stimulates production and activation of eosinophils?

Back 34

IL-5
(key to atopy)

Front 35

What does IL-6 do?

Back 35

Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and immunoglobulin

Front 36

What does IL-8 do?

Back 36

Major chemotactic factor for PMNs ("clean up in aisle 8")

Front 37

What does IL-10 do?

Back 37

Inhibits activated T cells (anti-inflammatory)

Front 38

What does IL-12 do?

Back 38

Activates Th1 and NK cells

Front 39

What does IFN-gamma do?

Back 39

Stimulates macrophages.

Front 40

What does TNF-alpha do?

Back 40

Mediates septic shock. Causes leukocyte recruitment and vascular leak.

Front 41

What cell secretes IL-1?

Back 41

Macrophage

Front 42

What cell secretes IL-2?

Back 42

Th cells

Front 43

What cell secretes IL-3?

Back 43

Activated T cells
(thereby stimulating marrow)

Front 44

What cell secretes IL-4?

Back 44

Th2 cells

Front 45

What cell secretes IL-5?

Back 45

Th2 cells

Front 46

What cells secrete IL-6?

Back 46

Th cells, macrophages

Front 47

What cell secretes IL-8?

Back 47

Macrophage

Front 48

What cells secrete IL-10?

Back 48

Treg, Th2

Front 49

What cells secrete IL-12?

Back 49

B cells, macrophages
(promotes Th1 differentiation; activates NK cells) [recall that NK cells are lymphocytic in origin, not myelocytic)

Front 50

What cell secretes IFN-gamma?

Back 50

Th1 cells

Front 51

What cell secretes TNF?

Back 51

Macrophage

Front 52

These mediators place uninfected cells in an antiviral state

Back 52

Interferons (alpha, beta, gamma)

Front 53

These mediators induce the production of ribonuclease

Back 53

Interferons (alpha, beta, gamma)

Front 54

What defines an "antiviral state"?

Back 54

An antiviral state, as induced by interferon, is characterized by ribonuclease activity that inhibits viral protein synthesis by degrading viral mRNA, but not host mRNA; and by increasing MHC I expression and antigen presentation.

Front 55

What is the action of ribonuclease?

Back 55

Degrades viral mRNA

Front 56

What does IFN-alpha do?

Back 56

Inhibit viral protein synthesis
(do not confuse with TNF-alpha, which is secreted by macrophages)

Front 57

What does IFN-beta do?

Back 57

Inhibits viral protein synthesis

Front 58

What does IFN-gamma do?

Back 58

Increase MHC I and II expression and Ag presentation in all cells

Front 59

This mediator activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Back 59

Interferon

Front 60

These mediators are responsible for granuloma formation

Back 60

IFN-gamma and IL-2, produced by Th cells and stimulating monocytes.

Monocyte-->macrophage-->epithelioid cell-->giant cell

Front 61

Superantigens such as S. aureus TSST-1 and S. pyogenes erythrogenic toxin cause the release of these mediators

Back 61

IFN-gamma, IL-2

Front 62

Endotoxins stimulate the release of these mediators

Back 62

TNF-alpha, IL-1 (released from macrophages)