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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sonic hedgehod gene
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Produced at base of limbs on ZPA
Patterning along anterior-posterior axis |
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Wnt-7 gene
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Produced at apical ectodermal ridge
Proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis |
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FGF gene
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Produced at apical ectodermal ridge
Necessary for lengthening of limbs |
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Homeobox gene
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Involved in segmental organization
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Fetal development - day 0
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Fertilization by sperm
Formation of zygote |
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Fetal development - week 1
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Implantation as blastocyst
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Fetal development - week 2
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2 germ layers (bilaminar disk) - epiblast (precursor to ectoderm, invaginates to form primitive streak), hypoblast
2 cavities - amniotic cavity, yolk sac 2 components to placenta - cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast |
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Fetal development - week 3
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3 germ layers (gastrula) - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Primitive streak, notochodrd, and neural plate begin to form |
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Fetal development - week 4
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4 heart chambers - heart begins to beat
4 limb buds grow |
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Fetal development - weeks 3-8
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Neural tube formed
Organogenesis Critical period for teratogens |
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Fetal development - week 8
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Fetal movement
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Fetal development - week 10
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Genitalia have male/female characteristics
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Alar plate (dorsal)
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Sensory
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Basal plate (ventral)
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Motor
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Embryologic derivatives - surface ectoderm (part of ectoderm)
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Adenohypophysis
Lens of eye Epithelial lining of oral cavity, ear, eye, and nose Epidermis Salivary, sweat, and mammary glands |
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Embryologic derivatives - neuroectoderm (part of ectoderm)
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Brain
Retina Spinal cord Notochord (nucleus pulposis) induces neuroectoderm and neural plate formation |
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Embryologic derivatives - neural crest (part of ectoderm)
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ANS - dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenla medulla, enterochromaffin cells, C cells of thyroid, Schwann cells, pia, arachnoid
Bones of skull Odontoblasts Laryngeal cartilage Aorticopulmonary septum |
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Embryologic derivatives - endoderm
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Gut tube epithelium
Lungs Liver Pancreas Thymus Parathyroid Thyroid follicular cells |
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Embryologic derivatives - mesoderm
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Muscle
Bone CT Serous linings of body cavities Spleen (foregut mesentery) Cardiovascular Lymphatics Blood Kidneys Urogenital Adrenal cortex |
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Teratogens - alcohol
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Birth defects
Mental retardation Fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Teratogens - ACE inhibitors
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Renal damage
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Teratogens - cocaine
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Abnormal fetal development
Fetal addiction Placental abruption |
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Teratogens - DES
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Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Teratogens - Iodide
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Congenital goiter (excess)
Hypothyroidism (lack) |
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Teratogens - vitamin A excess
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Spontaneous abortions
Birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities) |
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Teratogens - thalidomide
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Limb defects
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Teratogens - smoking
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Preterm labor
Placental problems IUGR ADHD |
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Teratogens - warfarin
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Bone deformities
Fetal hemorrhage Abortion |
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Teratogens - tetracyclines
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Discolored teeth
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Teratogens - Alkylating agents
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Absence of digits
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Teratogens - aminoglycosides
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CN VIII toxicitiy
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Teratogens - folate antagonists
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Neural tube defects
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Developmental retardation
Microcephaly Holoprosencephaly Facial abnormalities Limb dislocation Heart and lung fistulas Via inhibition of cell migration |
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Dichorionic diamniotic twinning
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Occurs in dizygotes or monozygotes that split before day 3 (chorion forms)
Individual placentas, chorions, and amnions |
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Diamniotic monochorionic twinning
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Occurs in monozygotes that split between days 3 and 8
Two amniotic sacs Single chorion and placenta |
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Monochorionic monoamniotic twinning
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High risk for conjoined twins
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Placenta
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Site of nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
Fetus - cytotrophoblast (inner layer of chorionic villi), syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer of chorionic villi, secretes hCG) Maternal - decidua basalis, maternal arteries and veins |
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Umbilical cord
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Two umbilical arteries - return deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
Umbilical vein - supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus Arteries and veins derived from allantois Urachus - removes nitrogen waste from fetal bladder |
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Single umbilical artery
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Associated with congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
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Vitelline fistula
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Fistula between umbilicus and terminal ileum
Causes fecal discharge |
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Urachal fistula
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Fistula between umbilicus and bladder
Urinary discharge |
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Heart derivatives - truncus arteriosus
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Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk |
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Heart derivatives - bulbus cordis
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Outflow tract of left and right ventricles
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Heart derivatives - primitive ventricle
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Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle
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Heart derivatives - primitive atria
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Trabeculated left and right atrium
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Heart derivatives - left horn of sinus venosus
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Coronary sinus
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Heart derivatives - right horn of sinus venosus
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Smooth part of right atrium
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Heart derivatives - right common and anterior cardinal veins
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SVC
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Intraventricular septum development
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Aorticopulmonary septum divites truncus arteriosus into aortic and pulmonary trunks
Aorticopulmonary septum meets and fuses with musclar ventricular septum to close interventricular foramen |
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Intra-atrial septum development
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Foramen primum narrows as septum primum grows toward endocardial cushions
Perforations in septum primum form the foramen secundum Foramen secundum maintains R->L shunt as septum secundum starts to grow Septum secundum contains permanent opening - foramen ovale Foramen secundum enlarges and upper part of septum primum degenerates |
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Fetal erythropoiesis
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Yolk sac (weeks 3-8)
Liver (weeks 6-30) Spleen (weeks 9-28) Bone marrow (week 28 onward) |
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Fetal hemoglobin
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a2y2
Higher O2 affinity due to decreased 2,3-BPG binding |
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Fetal circulation
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Umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> IVC -> foramen ovale -> aorta -> body -> pulmonary artery -> ductus arteriosus -> umbilical artery
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Ductus venosus
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Shunt from umbilical vein to IVC to bypass portal circulation
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Foramen ovale
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Right atrium to right ventricle shunt to bypass pulmonary circulation
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Ductus arteriosus
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Shunt from pulmonary artery to aorta to bypass lungs
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Changes in fetal circulation at birth
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Decreased pulmonary vessel resistance
Increased left atrial pressure Foramen ovale closes Increase in O2 leads to decreaesd prostaglandins -> closure of ductus arteriosus |
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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Indomethacin closes it
Prostaglandins keep it open |
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - umbilical vein
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Ligamentum teres
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - umbilical arteries
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Medial umbilical ligaments
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - ductus arteriosus
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - ductus venosus
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Ligamentum venosum
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - foramen ovale
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Fossa ovalis
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - allantois
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Median umbilical ligament
Can leave behind a urachal cyst or sinus |
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Fetal postnatal derivatives - notochord
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Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk
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Brain development - telencephalon
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Cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles |
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Brain development - diencephalon
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Thalami
Third ventricle |
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Brain development - mesencephalon
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Midbrain
Aqueduct |
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Brain development - metencephalon
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Pons and cerebellum
4th ventricle |
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Brain development - myencephalon
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Medulla
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Neural tube defects
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Associated with low folic acid intake during pregnancy
Elevated AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum |
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Spinal bifida occulta
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Failure of bony spinal canal to close
Dura is intact |
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Meningocoele
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Meninges herniate through spinal canal defect
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Myelomeningocoele
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Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal cord defect
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Anencephaly
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Malformation of anterior end of neural tube
No brain Elevated AFP Polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain) |
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Holoprosencephaly
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No separation of hemispheres along midline
Causes cyclopia Associated with Patau's syndrome and severe fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Chiari type II malformation
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Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly
Often presents with syringomyelia and thoracolumbar myelomeningocoele |
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Dandy-Walker malformation
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Large posterior fossa
Absent cerebellum |
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Syringomyelia
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Enlargement of central canal of spinal cord
Crossing spinothalamic tract fibers are damaged Cape-like bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities |
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First branchial arch
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Supplied by V2 and V3
Maxillary artery Meckel's cartilate Mandible Malleus Incus Sphenomandibular ligament Muscles of mastication Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini Anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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Treacher Collins syndrome
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First arch neural crest fails to migrate
Causes mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities |
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Second branchial arch
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Supplied by CN VII
Stapedial and hyoid arteries Reichert's cartilage Stapes Styloid process Lesser horn of hyoid Stylohyoid ligament Muscles of facial expression Stapedius Stylohyoid Posterior belly of digastric |
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Third branchial arch
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Supplied by CN IX
Common carotid artery, proximal internal carotid Greater horn of hyoid Stylopharyngeus muscle |
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Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula
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Persistence of cleft and pouch
Causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck |
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Branchial arches 4-6
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Supplied by CN X (superior laryngeal for 4th, recurrent laryngeal for 6th)
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages Aortic arch and right subclavian artery, pharyngeal constrictor muscles, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini (4th) Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus, all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid (6th) |
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First branchial cleft
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External auditory meatus
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2nd through 4th clefts
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Temporary cervical sinuses
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Persistent cervical sinus
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Branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck
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First branchial pouch
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Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube Mastoid air cells |
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Second branchial pouch
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Epithelial lining of palatine tonsils
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Third branchial pouch
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Thymus (ventral)
Left and right inferior parathyroids (dorsal) |
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4th pouch
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Superior parathyroids
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DiGeorge syndrome
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T cell deficiency (thymic aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development)
Due to aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches |
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Tongue innervation
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Taste - CN VII (anterior 2/3), CN IX (posterior 1/3), CN X (extreme posterior)
Pain - CN V3 (anterior 2/3), CN IX (posterior 1/3), CN X (extreme posterior) Motor - CN XII |
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Thyroid development
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Starts at floor of mouth
Descends into neck Connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, which disappears (foramen cecum) |
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Thyroglossal duct cyst
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Midline neck mass that moves with swallowing
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Cleft lip
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Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
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Cleft palate
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Failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, median palatine processes, or nasal septum
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Diaphragm
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Derived from septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds, body wall, dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Descends during development C3-C5 innervation |
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Diaphragmatic hernia
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Abdominal contents herniate into thoracic cavity
Can cause hypoplasia of thoracic organs |
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GI embryology
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Foregut - pharynx to duodenum, celiac trunk
Midgut - duodenum to transverse colon, SMA Hindgut - distal transverse colon to rectum, IMA |
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Gastroschisis
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Failure of lateral body folds to fuse
Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds |
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Omphalocele
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Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord
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Tracehoesophageal fistula
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Abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea
Most common is blind upper esophagus and lower esophagus connected to trachea Causes cyanosis, choking, vomiting with feeding, air bubble on CXR, and polyhydramnios |
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Congenital pyloric stenosis
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Hypertrophy of pylorus causes obstruction
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region with nonbilous projectile vomiting Treat with surgical incision |
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Pancreas
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Derived from foregut
Ventral bud becomes head Dorsal bud becomes body, tail, and isthmus and accessory duct |
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Annular pancreas
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Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally circles second part of duodenum
Forms a ring of pancreatic tissue Can cause duodenal narrowing |
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Spleen
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Arises from dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Supplied by celiac artery |
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Pronephros
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Forms in week 4, then degenerates
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Mesonephros
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Functions as interim kidney during 1st trimester
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Metanephros
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Permanent kidney from glomerulus to DCT
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Urogenital sinus
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Develops into bladder, urethra, and allantois
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Ureteric bud
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Derives from mesonephros
Gives rise to CD, calyces, pelvis, and ureter |
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Potter's syndrome
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Bilateral renal agenesis
Leads to oligohydramnios Limb deformities, facial deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia Caused by malformation of ureteric bud |
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Horseshoe kidney
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Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse
Horseshoe kidney gets trapped under IMA during ascent Normal kidney function |
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Mesonephric duct
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Develops into male structures except prostate:
Seminal vesicles Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens |
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Paramesonephric duct
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Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina
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Bicornate uterus
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Results from incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
Associated with urinary tract abnormalities and infertility |
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Genital tubercle
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Forms glans of penis and corpus spongiosum or clitorus and vestibular bulbs
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Urogenital sinus
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Forms bulbourethral glands of Cowper and prostate or artholin's glands and urethral/paraurethral glands of Skene
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Urogenital folds
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Forms ventral shaft of penis or labia minora
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Labioscrotal swelling
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Forms scrotum or labia majora
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Hypospadia
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Abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior side of penis
Due ot failure of urethral folds to close Fix to prevent UTIs |
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Epispadia
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Abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior side of penis due ot faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Associated with exstrophy of the bladder |
