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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Impact of the revolutionary years 1640-60 |
Most opportunities for women to subvert norms |
Norms |
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How did women subvert these norms |
During CW women often preached + published |
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The war effort |
Some women took over management of estates + became garrison commanders when houses were besieged |
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How did levellers and diggers add to female status |
Women began to play significant role in these religious movements due to gov. breakdown Both questioned societal norms- both believed crucifixion had spirituality redeemed women |
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What did the CW see with women |
Phyllis Mack identified 300 female prophets between 1640-50 |
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What did the upsurge of female prophets mean |
Argument women gained a degree of authority and made voices heard |
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Petitions + popular politics |
Petitions = voice given to women denied by formal politics- women petitioned for peace, freedom of trade, changes to imprisonment laws |
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Examples of petitions |
August 1643= crowd of women petitioned for peace + food 1649= 10,000 women presented petitioned to P to release John lilburne + greater freedom for women |
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What did the collapse in censorship lead to |
Female writing- 220 published works by female Quaker’s from 1650s |
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Impact of restoration on women |
CII reimposed order of pre war times |
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Bridget bendish |
Granddaughter of Oliver Cromwell Managed a salt pan + refinery in east anglia + challenged a man who insulted her grandfather to a duel |
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Legal changes to women |
Adultery act 1650 Marriage act 1653 Toleration act 1650 1604 law against witchcraft+ 1624 act governing infanticide |
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What was the adultery act 1650 |
‘Suppressing the detestable sins of incest adultery and fornication’
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Why did the adultery act of 1650 have a regressive impact on women |
Same crime by men were lesser offences, for married men the crime was punished by 3 month penalty rather than death = in Devon 90% of persecutions were against women |
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Why was the adultery act of 1650 not so regressive |
Legislation was no widely enforced- Essex court records show only 7 people prosecuted in 1650s of which none were executed Not supported by majority of gentry class- JPs who were meant to enforce it Can be seen more as a reaction to radical religious sects like ranters Repealed in 1660 |
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What was the marriage act 1653 |
Marriages could be ordained by JPs as now civil marriages were officially accepted |
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Why was the marriage act of 1653 positive for women |
Increased women’s status as it gave men less authority over their wives |
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Women began to resist certain church traditions |
Katherine chidley refused to undergo ‘churching’ Abolished during interregnum anywhooooo |
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Margret fell |
Missionary, published Petitioned monarchy/ Cavalier P for toleration + persisted despite persecution |
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Role played by women in radical sects= limited |
Can be seen as limited- those that survived persecution generally sought to limit it further = Quaker’s sought to portray themselves as less radical thus held separate services Some ministers questioned if women even had souls |
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Punishments for women |
Brank were used throughout the period to curb ‘gossiping’ women |
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Example of CW women |
Brilliana Harley directed forces to defend the family estate in Herefordshire Mary banks commanded troops to protect corfe castle |
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Why was the marriage act of 1653 regressive fit women |
It was frequently ignored and circumvented as it did not give men as many rights over their wives Still included ‘to obey’ for women Law was relaxed in the Protectorate P of 1657-8 + repealed in 1660 |
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What was the toleration act of 1650 |
Enabled Quaker women to hold separate meetings and speak at mixed gatherings |
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Why was the toleration act of 1650 beneficial to women |
Quaker + fifth monarchists indirectly saw improved status Allowed voice to be heard |
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Why was the toleration act of 1650 regressive for women |
Minority of a minority Clarendon code of 1661-4 + Quaker act of 1662 revised many gains made by women or at least made retaining them harder |
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1604 law against witchcraft |
Link to scientific revolution 90% female persecution Did not see any official change but general decline (expect CW) - CI would not allow persecutions to take place which did not resemble a ‘fair trial’ |
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1624 act governing infanticide |
Remained throughout period however by late 17th c women were more likely to succeed on putting a successful defence forward |
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Religious changes to women |
Spread of Puritanism inadvertently lead to limited improvers for women- encouraged literacy |
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Quaker education |
Founded 4 schools for women from 1670s Roman Catholic school in York 1686 |
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Why didn’t education for women take hold |
Even in Puritan circles promotion of education was limited due to widespread belief highly educated women were dangerous |
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