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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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S (Uppercase Sigma) - Σ
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Summation
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m (Mu) - μ
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Population mean
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s (Lowercase Sigma) - σ
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Population standard deviation
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p (Pi) - π
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Probability of success in a binomial trial, also population proportion
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e (Epsilon) - ε
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Maximum allowable error
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c2 (Chi Square) - χ²
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Nonparametric hypothesis test, Goodness-of-fit test
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!
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Factorial
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H0 (subscript 0)
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Null hypothesis
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H1 (subscript 1)
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Alternate hypothesis
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X-bar
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Sample mean
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s
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Sample standard deviation
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ρ (rho)
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Sample proportion
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α
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Level of Significance, Type I error
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β
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Type II error
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N
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Population size
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n
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Sample size
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F
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F-test
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Z
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Z-Score; Standard normal variable
(Normal variable with mean = 0 & SD = 1) |
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Zc (subscript c)
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Critical vale of Z
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p-value
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Attained level of significance
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df
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Degrees of freedom
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P (A | B)
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Probability of A given B, conditional probability
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P(x)
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Probability of x
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R
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Sample Correlation coefficient
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r2 (superscript 2)
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Coefficient of determination
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R2 (superscript 2)
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Multiple correlation coefficient
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t
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Student t-score
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S2 (superscript 2)
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Sample variance
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σ2 (superscript 2)
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Population variance
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Class frequency
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The number of observations in each class
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Class midpoint
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The point halfway between the upper and lower limit of a class
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Cumulative frequency polygon
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A graph that shows the number of observations below a certain value
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Frequency distribution
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A grouping of data into categories showing the number of observations in each mutually exclusive category
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Frequency polygon
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A graph that consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersection of the class midpoint and the class frequency
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Histogram
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A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other
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Relative class frequency
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Shows what percent each class is of the total number of observations (frequencies)
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Arithmetic mean
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The sum of observations divided by the total number of observations.
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Chebyshev's theorem
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For any set of observations (sample or population), the minimum proportion of the values that lie within k standard deviations of the mean is at least 1 - 1/k2, where k is any constant greater than 1.
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Empirical Rule
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For a symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency distribution, approximately 68 percent of the observations will lie within plus and minus one standard deviation of the mean; about 95 percent of the observations will lie within plus and minus two standard deviations of the mean; and practically all (99.7 percent) will lie within plus and minus three standard deviations of the mean.
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Geometric mean
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The nth root of the product of n values.
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Mean Deviation
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The mean of the absolute values of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.
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Measure of location
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A single value that summarizes a set of data. It locates the center of the values.
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Median
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The midpoints of the values after all observations have been ordered from the smallest to the largest, or from largest to smallest. Fifty percent of the observations are above the median and 50 percent are below the median.
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Mode
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The value of the observation that appears most frequently.
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Negatively skewed distribution
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The long tail is to the left or in the negative direction. The mean is smaller than the median or mode.
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Parameter
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A characteristic of a population.
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Positively skewed distribution
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The long tail is to the right; that is, in the positive direction. The mean is larger than the median or the mode.
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Range
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The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set.
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Standard Deviation
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The square root of the variance.
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Statistic
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A characteristic of a sample.
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Weighted mean
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The value of each observation is multiplied by the number of times it occurs. The sum of these products is divided by the total number of observations to determine the weighted mean.
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Symmetrical distribution
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A distribution that has the same shape on either side of the median.
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Variance
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The arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean.
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Bivariate data
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A collection of paired data values.
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Box Plot
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A graphical display based on five statistics: the minimum value, Q1 (the first quartile), Q2 the median, Q3 (the third quartile) and the maximum value.
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Coefficient of variation
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The ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean, expressed as a percent.
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Contingency table
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A table used to classify sample observations according to two or more identifiable characteristics.
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Dot Plot
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A graph for displaying a set of data. Each numerical value is represented by a dot placed above a horizontal number line.
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First Quartile
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The point below which ¼ or 25% of the ranked data values lie. (It is designated Q1).
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Scatter diagram
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A graph in which paired data values are plotted on an X,Y Axis
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Stem-and-Leaf Display
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A statistical technique for displaying a set of data. Each numerical value is divided into two parts: The leading digit(s) become the stem, and the trailing digits the leaf. The stems are located along the main vertical axis, and the leaf for each observation along the horizontal axis.
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Third Quartile
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The point below which ¾ or 75% of the ranked data values lie. (It is designated Q3)
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Continuous variable
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A quantitative variable that can assume any value within a range
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Descriptive statistics
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Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way
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Discrete variable
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A quantitative variable that can only assume certain values There is usually a "gap" between the values
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Exhaustive
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A property of a set of categories such that each individual, object, or measurement must appear in a category
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Inferential statistics
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The methods used to find out something about a population, based on a sample
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Interval level
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Includes the ranking characteristics of the ordinal scale and, in addition, the difference between values is a constant size
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Mutually exclusive
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A property of a set of categories such that an individual or object is included in only one category
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Nominal level
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A level of measurement in which the data are sorted into classes with no particular order to the classes
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Ordinal level
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A level of measurement that presumes that one category is ranked higher than another category
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Population
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The entire set of all individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained from all individuals or objects of interest
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Qualitative variable
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A variable that has the characteristic of being nonnumeric
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Quantitative variable
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A variable being studied that can be reported numerically
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Ratio level
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Has all the characteristics of the interval scale, but additionally there is a meaningful zero point and the ratio of two values is meaningful
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Sample
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A portion, or part, of the population of interest
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Statistics
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The science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions
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Class interval
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The size or width of the class
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