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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deviation
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The distance that separates a score from the mean and thus indicates how much the score differs from the mean
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bimodal distribution
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A frequency polygon with two distinct humps where there are relatively high-frequency scores and with center scores that have the same frequency
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line graph
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A graph of an experiment when the independent variable is an interval or ratio variable; plotted by connecting the data points with straight lines
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mean
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The score located at the mathematical center of a distribution
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measures of central tendency
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Statistics that summarize the location of a distribution on a variable by indicating where the center of the distribution tends to be located
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median
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The score located at the 50th percentile
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mode
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The most frequently occurring score in a sample
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sum of the deviations around the mean
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The sum of all differences between the scores and the mean
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sum of X
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The sum of the scores in a sample
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unimodal
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A distribution whose frequency polygon has only one hump and thus has only one score qualifying as the mode
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X
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The symbol used to represent the sample mean
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µ
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The symbol used to represent the population mean
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biased estimators
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The formula for the variance or standard deviation involving a final division by N, used to describe a sample, but which tends to underestimate the population variability
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estimated population standard deviation
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The unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation calculated from sample data using N 1
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estimated population variance
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The unbiased estimate of the population variance calculated from sample data using N 1
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measures of variability
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Statistics that summarize the extent to which scores in a distribution differ from one another
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population standard deviation
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The square root of the population variance. That is, the square root of the average squared deviation of scores around the population mean
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population variance
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The average squared deviation of scores around the population mean
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range
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The distance between the highest and lowest scores in a set of data
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sample standard deviation
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The square root of the sample variance. That is, the square root of the average squared deviation of sample scores around the sample mean
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sample variance
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The average of the squared deviations of a sample of scores around the sample mean
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squared sum of X
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Calculated by adding all scores and then squaring their sum
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sum of squared Xs
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Calculated by squaring each score in a sample and adding the squared scores
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unbiased estimators
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The formula for the variance or standard deviation involving a final division by N 1; calculated using sample data to estimate the population variability
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central limit theorem
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A statistical principle that defines the mean, standard deviation, and shape of a theoretical sampling distribution
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relative standing
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A description of a particular score derived from a systematic evaluation of the score using the characteristics of the sample or population in which it occurs
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sampling distribution of means
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A frequency distribution showing all possible sample means that occur when samples of a particular size are drawn from a population
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standard error of the mean
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The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means
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standard normal curve
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A theoretical perfect normal curve, which serves as a model of any approximately normal z-distribution
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z-distribution
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The distribution of z-scores produced by transforming all raw scores in a distribution into z-scores
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z-score
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The statistic that indicates the distance a score is from its mean when measured in standard deviation units
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sampling error
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The difference, due to random chance, between a sample statistic and the population parameter it represents
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representative sample
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A sample whose characteristics accurately reflect those of the population
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region of rejection
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That portion of a sampling distribution containing values considered too unlikely to occur by chance, found in the tail or tails of the distribution
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random sampling
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A method of selecting samples so that all members of the population have the same chance of being selected for a sample
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probability distribution
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The probability of every possible event in a population, derived from the relative frequency of every possible event in that population
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probability (p)
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The likelihood of an event when a particular population is randomly sampled; equal to the event's relative frequency in the population
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critical value
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The score that marks the inner edge of the region of rejection in a sampling distribution; values that fall beyond it lie in the region of rejection
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criterion
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The probability that defines whether a sample is unlikely to have occurred by chance and thus is unrepresentative of a particular population
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t-distribution
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The sampling distribution of all possible values of t that occur when samples of a particular size are selected from the raw score population described by the null hypothesis
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point estimation
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A way to estimate a population parameter by describing a point on the variable at which the population parameter is expected to fall
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one-sample t-test
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The parametric procedure used to test the null hypothesis for a one-sample experiment when the standard deviation of the raw score population must be estimated
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margin of error
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Describes an interval by describing a central value, with plus or minus some amount
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interval estimation
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A way to estimate a population parameter by describing an interval within which the population parameter is expected to fall
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estimated standard error of the mean
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An estimate of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means, used in calculating the one-sample t-test
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degrees of freedom (df)
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The number of scores in a sample that reflect the variability in the population; used when estimating the population variability
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alpha
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The Greek letter that symbolizes the criterion probability
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alternative hypothesis (Ha)
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The hypothesis describing the population parameters that the sample data represent if the predicted relationship does exist
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experimental hypotheses
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Two statements made before a study is begun, describing the predicted relationship that may or may not be demonstrated by the study
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inferential statistics
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Procedures for determining whether sample data represent a particular relationship in the population
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nonparametric statistics
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Inferential procedures that do not require stringent assumptions about the raw score population represented by the sample data
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nonsignificant
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Describes results that are considered likely to result from sampling error when the predicted relationship does not exist; it indicates failure to reject the null hypothesis
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null hypothesis (H0)
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The hypothesis describing the population parameters that the sample data represent if the predicted relationship does not exist
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one-tailed test
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The test used to evaluate a statistical hypothesis that predicts that scores will only increase or only decrease
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power
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The probability that we will detect a true relationship and correctly reject a false null hypothesis; the probability of avoiding a Type II error
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significant
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Describes results that are too unlikely to accept as resulting from sampling error when the predicted relationship does not exist; it indicates rejection of the null hypothesis
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statistical hypotheses
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Two statements that describe the population parameters the sample statistics will represent if the predicted relationship exists or does not exist
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two-tailed test
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The test used to evaluate a statistical hypothesis that predicts a relationship but not whether scores will increase or decrease
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Type I error
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Deciding to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true (that is, when the predicted relationship does not exist)
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Type II error
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Deciding to retain the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false (that is, when the predicted relationship does exist)
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z-test
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The parametric procedure used to test the null hypothesis for a single-sample experiment when the true standard deviation of the raw score population is known
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standard error of the mean difference
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The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean differences between related samples in a two-sample experiment
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standard error of the difference
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The estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of differences between the means of independent samples in a two-sample experiment
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sampling distribution of differences between means
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A frequency distribution showing all possible differences between two means that occur when two independent samples of a particular size are drawn from the population of scores described by the null hypothesis
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related-samples t-test
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The parametric procedure used for significance testing of sample means from two related samples
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proportion of variance accounted for
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In experiments, the proportion of all differences in dependent scores that is associated with changing the independent variable
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pooled variance
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The weighted average of the sample variances in a two-sample experiment
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independent-samples t-test
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The parametric procedure used for significance testing of sample means from two independent samples
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independent samples
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Samples created by selecting each participant for one condition, without regard to the participants selected for any other condition
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homogeneity of variance
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A characteristic of data describing populations represented by samples in a study that have the same variance
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effect size
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An indicator of the amount of influence that changing the conditions of the independent variable had on dependent scores
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Cohen's d
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A measure of effect size in a two-sample experiment that reflects the magnitude of the differences between the means of the conditions, relative to the variability of the scores
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nonparametric statistics
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Inferential procedures that do not require stringent assumptions about the raw score population represented by the sample data
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chi square procedure (X²)
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The nonparametric inferential procedure for testing whether the frequencies of category membership in the sample represent the predicted frequencies in the population
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Friedman test
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The nonparametric version of the one-way, within-subjects ANOVA for ranked scores
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KruskalWallis test
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The nonparametric version of the one-way, between-subjects ANOVA for ranked scores
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MannWhitney test
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The nonparametric version of the independent-samples t-test for ranked scores when there are two independent samples of ranked scores
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Wilcoxon test
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The nonparametric version of the relatedsamples t-test for ranked scores
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type of relationship
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The overall direction the Y scores tend to change as X scores increase
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strength of a relationship
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The extent to which one value of Y within a relationship is consistently associated with one and only one value of X; also called the degree of association
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sampling distribution of r
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A frequency distribution showing all possible values of r that occur when samples are drawn from a population in which Á is zero
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restricted range
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Occurs when the range of scores on the X or Y variable is limited, producing an r that is smaller than it would be if the range were not restricted
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proportion of variance accounted for
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The proportion of the differences in Y scores that is associated with changes in the X variable
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predictor variable
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The X variable that has the known scores from which unknown Y scores are predicted when using the linear regression equation
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predicted Y score (Y2)
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In linear regression, the best prediction of the Y scores at a particular X, based on the linear relationship summarized by the regression line
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positive linear relationship
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A linear relationship in which the Y scores tend to increase as the X scores increase
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Pearson correlation coefficient (r)
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The correlation coefficient that describes the linear relationship between two interval or ratio variables
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nonlinear (curvilinear) relationship
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A relationship in which the Y scores change their direction of change as the X scores change
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negative linear relationship
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A linear relationship in which the Y scores tend to decrease as the X scores increase
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linear relationship
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A relationship in which the Y scores tend to change in only one direction as the X scores increase, forming a slanted straight regression line on a scatter plot
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linear regression line
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The straight line that summarizes the scatter plot of a linear relationship by passing through the center of the scatterplot
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linear regression
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The procedure used to predict Y scores based on correlated X scores
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criterion variable
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The Y variable that has the unknown scores that are predicted based on a correlated X score when using the linear regression equation
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correlation coefficient
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A number that describes the type and the strength of the relationship present in a set of data
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sum of squares (SS)
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The sum of the squared deviations of a set of scores around the mean of those scores
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F-ratio
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In ANOVA, the ratio of the mean square between groups to the mean square within groups
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F-distribution
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The sampling distribution of all possible values of F that occur when the null hypothesis is true and all conditions represent one population ¼
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eta (r) squared
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The proportion of variance in the dependent scores that is accounted for by changing the levels of a factor, and thus a measurement of effect size
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analysis of variance
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The parametric procedure for determining whether significant differences exist in an experiment containing two or more sample means
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Spearman correlation coefficien
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The coefficient that describes the linear relationship between pairs of ranked scores
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