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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is descriptive statistics?
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The use of graphs, charts and tables and the calculation of various statistical measures to organize and summarize information.
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Population
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The complete collection of individuals, items, or data under consideration in a statistical study.
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Sample
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The protion of the populaiton selected for analyais.
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Inferential Statistics
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Consists of techniques for reaching conclusions about a populaiton based upon information contained in a sample.
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Variable
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A characteristic of interest concerning the individual elements of a population or of a sample.
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Observation
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A particular element from the sample or population.
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Data Set
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The observations of a variable for the elements of the sample.
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Quanititative Variable
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when the decription of the variable results in a numerical number. ( It would be necessary to perform a count)
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Discrete Variable
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A quantitative variable whose values are countable. They usually result "from counting".
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Continuous Variable
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is a quanitifyable variable that can assume any numerical value over an interval or over several intervals. It ususally results from making a measurmennt of some type.
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Qualitative
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determined when the description of the charasteristic of interest results in a nonnumerical value. Maybe classified into two or more categories.
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Nominal scale
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data that areused for category identification. Type of measurement- characterised by names, labels or categories.* can not be used in an ordering scheme. Arithmetic operations are not performed for nominal data.
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Ordinal scale
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data that can be set in some type of order.
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What are the key features of a "Oridinal Level of Measurement"?
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1. data that applies to categories that can be ranked. 2. data can be arranged in an ordering scheme.
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What are the key fetures of the "Nominal Scale"?
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1. Differences between the data values can not be determined and are meaningless.
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interval scale
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data that can be arranged in some order and for which differences in data values are meaningful.
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What is the key feature of " interval level of measurment"?
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1. results from counting or measuring.
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What is the key feature of interval scale data?
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the data can be arranged in an ordering scheme and the differences can be calculated and interpreted.
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Expalin what how the value of zero is used when using interval data.
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It is arbitrarily choosen and does not imply an absence of the characteristic being measured.
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Are ratio's meaningingful for interval data?
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No.
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What is an example of "interva data?"
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1)The Standfor-Binet IQ Scores. IQ scores can be arrange in order. Differences can be calculated and interpreted.An IQ score of zero does not indicate a lack of intelligence.
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Name another example of "interval level data".
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Temperatures. Temperatures can be arranged in order.Differences maybe calculated and interpreted.Ratio's are not readily interpretable. A temp of 0 does not indicate a absence of warmth.
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Is a test score an example of " interval level data?"
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Yes. Test scores can be arranged in order.Differences maybe calculated and interpreted.Ratio's are not readily interpretable. A test of 0 does not indicate a absence of knowledge.
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What is a "ratio scale"?
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Applied to data that can be ranked, and all arithmeitc operationsincluding division can be performed.
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Is division by "0" excluded in a "ratio scale?"
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Yes
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What are the key features of "ratio scale data?"
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1. Can be arranged in an ordering scheme. 2.Differences and rations can be calculated and interpreted. 3. Ratio level data has an absolute zero, a value of zero indicates a complete absence of the characteristic of interest..
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What doe "Σx" mean?
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Sigma. The sum of all scores of x
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What is "raw data"?
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information obtained by observing values of a variable.
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What are the main features of a frequency distribtuion for qualitative data.
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1. lists all categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the categories.
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What are the steps to finding " relative frequency"?
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divide the frequency of a category by the frquency of all categories.
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What will the sum of all the relative frequencies be equal to?
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One
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How do you find the percentage for a category?
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Multiply the relative frequency for the category by 100. ( The sum of the percentage for all categories will always equal 100%.
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Where are the categories placed on a bar graph?
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On the horizontal axis.
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Where are the frquencies marked on a bar graph?
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on the vertical axis.
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What type of data is a pie chart used to graph?
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Qualitative data.
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What is a historgram?
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It is a graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on the verticle axis.
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How is a histogram different than a bar graph?
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A histogram utilizes classes or intervals while a bar graph utilizes categories and frequencies.
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What is the "cumulitive realtive frequency"?
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It gives the total number of values that fall below variuos class boundaries of a frequency distribution.
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How is a culmulative relative frequency obtained?
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It is obtained by dividing a cumulative frequency by the total nubmer of observations in the data set.
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How is the Cumulative Percentage obtained?
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1. By multiplying cumulative relative frequencies by 100.
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What are the most common measures of centeral tendency?
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mean, median & mode
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What is the difference between raw (ungrouped data) and grouped data?
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Data that is presented in the form of frequency distribution is grouped, ungrouped data is just a list of data
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How do you figure out the mean?
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Devide the total scores by the number of scores observed.
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