Statistics Exam I

Front 1

statistics

Back 1

a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

Front 2

population ("mew")

Back 2

all members of a group
ex) all undergraduates in the USA

Front 3

sample

Back 3

subset of the population
ex) QU undergrads

Front 4

variable

Back 4

a factor that varys or changes in ways that can be observed, measured or varified

Front 5

data

Back 5

measurements or observations

Front 6

raw score

Back 6

single measurement that has not been transformed

Front 7

parameter

Back 7

values for a population

Front 8

statistic

Back 8

values for samples

Front 9

descriptive statistics

Back 9

summarize/organize data, no analysis

Front 10

inferential statistics

Back 10

set of techniques to take info from a sample and generalize the info (make inferences) about the population

Front 11

sampling error

Back 11

the discrepancy (amount of error) that exists between a sample statistic and a population parameter

Front 12

random assignment

Back 12

neutralizes the effects of confounds by distributing them equally across all groups of the independent variable

Front 13

independent variable

Back 13

grouping variable that doesnt change during the study (systematically manipulated by the experimenter)

Front 14

dependent variable

Back 14

the outcome variable, it changes

Front 15

Quasi Experimental

Back 15

experimental design but without random assignment

Front 16

correlational

Back 16

magnitude of association

Front 17

what is important about a correlational study

Back 17

it does not give us the nature of the relationship, only its strength in a + or - direction

Front 18

survey

Back 18

questionairres that are
1. self administered
2. interview based

Front 19

naturalistic observation

Back 19

observe and code behavior in a subjects without personally intervening

Front 20

reactivity

Back 20

change in behavior due to awareness

Front 21

what are 4 kinds of experiments

Back 21

1. quasi
2. correlational
3. survey
4. naturalistic

Front 22

what are the 4 scales of measurement?

Back 22

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

Front 23

nominal (and example)

Back 23

names, discrete categories of names with no quantatative distunctions among them
ex) hair color, room number

Front 24

ordinal

Back 24

ranked nominal with no amount
ex) place in a race, social class, education

Front 25

interval

Back 25

unit of change at one end of the scale is the one unit of change everywhere else on the scale; no absolute zero
ex) degrees F/C, IQ scale

Front 26

ratio

Back 26

interval scale but there is an absolute zero
ex) height, weight

Front 27

The two kinds of discrete categorical data

Back 27

nominal, ordinal

Front 28

The two kinds of continuous data

Back 28

interval, ratio

Front 29

bar chart

Back 29

used for discrete categorical data (bars dont touch!)

Front 30

histogram

Back 30

used for continuous data (bars touch! which shows there is a direct relationship between the categories)

Front 31

frequency polygon

Back 31

for continuous data (interval, ratio); the connected curve implies an equal relationship between and among the data

Front 32

skewed distribution

Back 32

"the tail tells the tale"
hump on left = +
hump on right = -

Front 33

central tendency

Back 33

a statistic/parameter that defines the center of the distribution

Front 34

mean

Back 34

arithmetic average of a set of scores

Front 35

median

Back 35

score in the exact center of the distribution

Front 36

mode

Back 36

most frequently occuring score in the distribution

Front 37

range

Back 37

highest - lowest

Front 38

standard deviation

Back 38

in standardized units based on the metric of underlying measure, how wide the distribution is

Front 39

numbers dont have meaning...

Back 39

you interpret them based on the distribution and where they fall in the standard deviation

Front 40

negative territory

Back 40

necessary to accomodate for a wide distribution of scores