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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The basic unit of an experiment upon which the treatment is applied
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What is the individual?
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An experimental condition where neither the subjects nor the diagnosticians know which treatment each subject received
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What is double blind?
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A weakness in experiments where the setting of the experiment does not realistically duplicate the conditions we really want to study
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What is lack of realism?
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An experimental design where all experimental units are assigned at random to treatments
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What is completely randomized?
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A study in which treatments are imposed on the individuals before responses are measured
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What is an experiment?
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A treatment where no experimental condition or a placebo treatment is applied to the units in order to determine whether the active treatments work. This enables the researcher to “control” lurking variables
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What is a control?
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A study in which data are gathered without imposing treatments on the individuals
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What is an observational study?
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A variable that is studied to determine whether it affects (explains) the outcomes of a study
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What is the explanatory variable?
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A variable that has an effect on the response variable but is not of interest to the researcher and yet must be taken into account
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What is a lurking variable?
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The response of patients to any treatment that has no physical effect
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What is placebo effect?
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A method of assigning experimental units to treatment groups that eliminates bias and gives each unit the same probability of being assigned to any treatment group
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What is randomization?
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Results of a study that differ too much from what we expected because of randomization to attribute to chance
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What is statistically significant?
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A situation where the effect of one variable on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of another variable on the response variable
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What is confounding?
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The application all the treatments to more than one individual within an experiment
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What is replication?
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Type of sampling required for inference
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What is a probability sample?
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Using results from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population
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What is inference?
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A sampling scheme where the population has been divided into strata according to some characteristic and a simple random sample is selected from each strata
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What is a stratified sample?
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A sample selected in such a way that the probability of each possible sample of size n has a known chance of being selected
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What is a simple random sample or SRS?
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A method of sample selection that consists of people choosing themselves by responding to a general appeal
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What is a voluntary response sample?
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A condition that occurs when the design of a study systematically favors certain outcomes
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What is bias?
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The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information
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What is the population of interest?
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A subgroup of the population that we actually examine and about whom we gather information
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What is the sample?
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A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of being selected
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What is a probability sample?
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A sample type where the researcher contacts those subjects who are readily available and does not use any random selection
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What is a convenience sample?
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An observation that falls outside the overall pattern of the data set.
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What is an outlier?
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A measure for the center of the data that “balances” the data.
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What is the mean?
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A measure of the center of data that splits the data in half
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What is the median?
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A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data below it
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What is the first quartile or Q1?
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A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data above it
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What is the third quartile or Q3?
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The symbol for sample mean
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What is x bar?
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The symbol for population or distribution mean
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What is μ?
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The symbol for response variable
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What is “Y”?
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The symbol for explanatory variable
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What is “X”?
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The symbol for sample standard deviation
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What is “s”?
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The symbol for population or distribution standard deviation
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What is σ?
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The symbol for correlation coefficient
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What is r?
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The symbol for sample size
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What is “n”?
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The symbol for the first quartile
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What is “Q1”?
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The symbol for the third quartile
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What is “Q3”?
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A representative measure of the deviations of the data about the mean
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What is standard deviation?
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The maximum observation minus the minimum observation
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What is range?
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A measure of the “average” or typical deviation of the observations about the mean
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What is standard deviation?
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The difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1)
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What is interquartile range or IQR?
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The measure of variability that should be used for strongly skewed data or data with outliers
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What is interquartile range?
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A curve that is mound shaped symmetric used to model data from measurements on animal species
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What is a Normal distribution?
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A normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one
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What is the standard Normal distribution?
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A measure of the number of standard deviations of a value or observation from the mean
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What is z-score?
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In a Normal distribution, the percentages of values that are within one standard deviation of the mean
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What is 68%?
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In a Normal distribution, the percentage of values that are within two standard deviations of the mean
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What is 95%?
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A graph for categorical data
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What is bar graph?
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A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first quartile, the second quartile (median) and the third quartile
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What is a boxplot?
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A distribution where the left side of the distribution extends in a long tail
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What is left skewed?
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A list of the possible values of a variable together with the frequencies of each value
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What is a distribution?
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The shape of a distribution where the mean exceeds the median
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What is right skewed?
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A plot used to provide a picture of one variable quantitative data
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What is a stemplot, a dotplot, a histogram or a boxplot?
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The shape of a histogram where the median exceeds the mean
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What is left-skewed
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The shape of a histogram where the mean equals the median
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What is symmetric?
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The recommended plot for displaying small quantitative data sets
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What is a stemplot?
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The preferred measures of spread and center for strongly skewed distributions or distributions with outliers
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What are median and interquartile range?
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The grouping of experimental units according to some similar characteristic. The random allocation is carried out separately within each group
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What is blocking?
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