Statistics And Measurement - School Psychology Praxis

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Variance

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measure of the amount of variability of scores around the mean

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Standard Deviation

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measure of how much scores vary or deviate from the mean; the square root of the variance

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Correlation Coefficient; gives four types

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tells the degree of relationship between two variables; Pearson's r (continuous variables, linear relationship), Spearman r (ordinal variables), phi coefficient (nominal variables), point biserial coefficient (one ration variable and one nominal variable)

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Standard Error of Estimate

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measure of the accuracy of the predicted Y scores in a regression equation; it is the standard deviation of the error scores (or measure of the amount by which the observed score differ from the predicted scores)

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Standard Scores

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raw scores that have been transformed so that they have predetermined mean and standard deviation

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Inferential Statistics

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used in drawing inferences about a population based on a sample drawn from the population

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Statistical Significance

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refers to whether score differ from what would be expected on the basis of chance alone

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Effect size; give approximate values for high, medium, low effect sizes

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measures the degree or magnitude of a result; cohen's d = 0.20 (small), =0.50 (medium), = 0.80 (large)

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Error Score

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represents random factors that affect the measurement of the true score

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Reliability Coefficient

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ratio of true score variance to the observed score variance

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The values for high to low reliability

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high or excellent 0.90-0.99
good or moderately high 0.80-0.89
fair or moderate 0.70-0.79
low or poor 0.60-0.69
very low or very poor 0.00-0.59

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Internal Consistency Reliability

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The uniformity or homogeneity of test items

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Test-Retest Reliability

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Provides an index of the consistency or replicability of test scores over relatively short intervals

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Alternate Forms (Parallel Forms) Reliability

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Measures the extent of agreement of a group's scores on two forms

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Interrater Reliability

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Refers to the degree to which to raters agree

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7 factors affecting reliability

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test length
homogeneity of items
test-retest interval
variability of scores
guessing
variation in the test situation
sample size

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Standard Error of Measurement

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(aka standard error of a score); an estimate of the amount of error inherent in a child's score

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Validity

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refers to whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure

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Content Validity

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refers to whether the items within a test or other measure represent the domain being assessed (note the appropriateness of test items, completeness of item sample, the way in which the items assess the content of the domain)

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Face Validity

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refers to whether a test or measure looks valid "on the face of it"

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Construct Validity

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establishes the degree to which a test measures a specified psychological construct

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Convergent Validity (one component of construct validity)

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refers to how well measures of the same domain in difference formats, correlate with each other

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Discriminant or Divergent Validity (one component of construct validity)

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refers to the extent to which measure of different domains do not correlate with each other

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Criterion-related Validity

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based on how positively test scores correlated with some type of criterion or outcome (such as ratings, classifications, test scores)

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Concurrent Validity (one form of criterion-related validity)

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based on correlations of scores on one measure with those on a related measure

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Predictive Validity (one form of criterion-related validity)

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based on correlations of score on one measure with those on a criterion measure taken at a later time

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Predictive Power

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special kind of predictive validity - assesses the accuracy of a decision made on the basis of a given measure; refers to the extent to which a test or measure agrees with an outcome criterion measure used to classify individuals or determine if they have a particular trait

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3 factors affecting validity

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range of attributes being measured
length of interval between administration of the test and of the criterion measure
range of variability in the criterion measure

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Hawthorne Effect

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subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation

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Flynn Effect

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the substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day

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Regression to the Mean

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phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and, paradoxically, if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first

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Attenuation Effect

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happens when a client is given numerous rating scales or interview questions and starts to under report symptoms just because they have had so many similar questions asked about the same thing.