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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
according to the legend, who was rome founded by?
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romulus and remus
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what 3 groups inhabited the region from 1000 to 500 bc
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latins greeks and etruscans
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who were the first romans
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latins
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what was their job
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farmers and shepherds
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how did the greeks come to roe?
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settlers established colonies and taught romans to grow grapes and olives
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where were etruscans native to?
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northern italy
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what were their accomplishments for rome?
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skilled metalworkers and enginers
had writing and architechture-adopted by romans |
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what did the romans get from the greeks
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took their gods and gave them different names
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what did romans take from etuscansq
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rituals they believed helped them win favor of the gods
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who became king around 600 bc
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an etruscan
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who was the last king of rome?
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Tarquin the Proud
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what kind of ruler was he?
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tyrant
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what happened to him?
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driven from power by aristrocrats
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what kind of gov't did the romans establish?
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republic
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republic
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form of gov't in which power rests w. citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders
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mr. scotts thing for republic
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gov't w/o hereditary leaders
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what does the latin phrase where repubilic came from mean?
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public affairs
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who was allowed to vote in the roman republic?
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free-born male citizens
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what 2 groups struggled for power in early republic
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patricians and plebeians
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patricians
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aristocratic landowners who geld most of the power
inherited their power and social status |
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plebians
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common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
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could plebians vote?
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yes but they were usualy barred by law from holding important gov't possitions
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what did senate allow the plebians to do?
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form their own assembly and elect representatives
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tribunes
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representatives elected by plebians when teh senate allowed them to elect representatives and form their own assembly
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what did tribunes do for plebians
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protected the rights of the plebians from unfair acts of patrician officials
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twelve tables
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written laws of rome
-established the idea that all free citizens, patricians, and plebeians had a right to the protection of the law |
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part of gov't like monarchy
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consuls
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consuls
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two officials in Rome in place of a king
-commanded army and directed gov't -had a one-year term and could not be elected again for 10 yrs -one consul alwayts could overrule the other's decision |
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aritocratic part of roman gov't
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senate
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senate
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had legislative and administrative functions
300 members from upper class |
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democratic part
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assemblies
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assemblies
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all citizen soldiers were members of centuriate assembly
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tribal assembly
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organized by pleveians
elected tribuness and made laws for republic |
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what did the republic do in times of crisis
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appoint a dictator
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dictator
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leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
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how did this dictatorship work?
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power only lasted for 6 months
were chosen by consuls and then elected by the senate |
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who was required to serve in the army
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all citizens who owned land
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legion
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large military units that roman soldiers were organized into
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centuries
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smaller groups which legions were divided up into
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how was italian peninsula divided up?
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rome had different laws and treatment for different parts
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who did rome fight w/ for control over mediterranean
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carthage
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Punic Wars
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war with carthage
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first punic war
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for control of sicily and western mediterranean
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who won?
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rome
rome takes sicily |
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second punic war
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hannibal warnted to avenage first defeat
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hannibal
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carthaginian general second punic war
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where was his greatest victory?
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cannae
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scipio
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roman general-military leader to match hannibals boldness
-deviced plan to attack carthage |
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who won 2nd punic war?
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rome-defeated carthage
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third punic war
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romans were angered by carthage's return to prospertity and rememberd devestation it caused italy
-set city on fire and sold inhabitants to slavery |
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what did rome get for winning the punic wars?
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mediterranean, macedonia, greece, and parts of anatolia
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in the early roman republic, this was someone whose power was absolute but whose time in office was limited to a six-month period
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dictator
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this is one of the two officials who shared the powers of ruling the republic and whose time in office was limited to one year
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consul
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these are the people who first settled the land on the bend of the tiber river that was to become rome
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latins
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these people gave the romans their alphaet and their knowledge or architechture, including the arch
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etruscans
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these were the wealthy, artistocratic landowners who geld most of the power in the early republic
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patricians
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this person led a force of more than 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants across the alps to invade italy
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hannibal
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the romans based their gods on the gods of these people
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freeks
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this was a military division of the roman army
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legion
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this was someone eleected to represent the lower class of roman citizens
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tribune
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this was someone chosen to represent the upper class of roman citizens
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senator
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this person was a daring roman general during the second punic war
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scipio
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latifundia
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huge estates where rich landowners lived
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what was the problem for returning soldiers after punic war?
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they became homeless and jobless
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what platned seeds for republics collapse
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class tensions
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what did brothers tibenus andgavs do to help romes poor?
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-limited size of estates and gave land for poor
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what followed their deaths?
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period of civil war
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how did generals get people to fight?
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promised poor land
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why was this a problem
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they replaced soldiers whose loyalty had been to the republic and not to generals
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julius caesar
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brought order to rome
dominated as triumvirate was appointed dictator for life governed as absolute ruler and made reforms was assasinated by a number of important senators |
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julius' reforms
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granted citizenship to many
expanded senate created jobs for poor started colonies where landless could own land increased pay for soldiers |
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triumvirate
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a group of 3 rulers
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what was the first triumvirate that ruled rome for 10 yrs?
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caesar, crassus, and pompey
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what happened after casears death?
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civil war broke out and destroyed republic
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how did the second trumvirate end?
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in jealousy and violence
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who was in it?
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marc anthony, octavian, and lepidus
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octavian/augustus
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restored some of the republic when he deffeated anthony
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pax romana
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period of peace and prosperity
peace reigned for 207 years |
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where did the pax romana start and end?
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start=augustus' reign
end=marcus aurelius' reign |
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what was the most important industry?
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agriculutre
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how did augustus glorify rome?
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w/ buildings
set up civil service |
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who was the last of the 5 gooood emperors?
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marcusaurelius
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five goos wmpweoea
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temporarily solved succession problem
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whos death marked the beginning of the empires decline and the end of the pax romana
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marcus aurelius
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what was the heart of the roman society?
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family
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who ruled the household
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eldest man
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how were roman women treated?
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ran household-given respect
almost social equal of a man could own property and testify in court ould not vote |
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age of adult?
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16
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slaves
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imporatnt ot economy
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gladiators
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professional fighters who fought to death in public contests
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what were roman gods like?
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had humanlike forms and individual personalities
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after serving consul for a year, this person led his troops in conquering gaul.
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julius caesar
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his great popularity was a source of concern to ___, who managed to have him ordered back to rome
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pompey
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the armies of what two general foguth in varius parts of the world for power?
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pompey and casar
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who won?
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caesar
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octavian defeated the comvbined armies of
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marc antony and cleopatra
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Herod
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Roman Jer reuler who angered many jews
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what did the jeews do?
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they revolted but rome finally took control of jewish kingdom and made it the province of judea
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sanhedrin
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romans gave control of religious matter and local affairs to this jewish court
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Zealots
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wanted to rid their homeland of romans
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what did another group believe?
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that messiah, savior would come and restore kingdom of jews
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what jewish ideas did jesus teach?
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1. monotheism 2. ten commandments 3. important of relationshp with god 4. eternal kingdom after death
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12 special disciples
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jesus' pupils
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gospels
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first 4 books of the new testament
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apostles
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jesus' disciples who are thought to have written some of teh gospels
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jesus' death
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grew popular
priests said teachings were contempt of god roman governor arrested jesus and sentenced him to be crucified |
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peter
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first aposotle
spread teachings of jjesus first pope=first bishop of Rome |
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paul
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an apostle who had an emormous influence of christianity's development
at first was an enemy of christianity reportedly had a vision of christ spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting chrsts teachings |
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Epistles
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influential letters to groups of believers
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what happenened next?
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band of zealots rebelled against rome
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what happened in ad 70
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romans destroy temple in jerusalem and jews revbel
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diaspora
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the dispersal of jews from their homeland
were driven from their gomeland into exile |
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what did romans do to christains?
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christians were exiled, imprisoned, or executed
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martyrs
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people willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or sause
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why did christianity grow?
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1. embraced all people
2. gave hope to powerless 3. appealed to those who were repelled by extravagances of imperial rome 4. offered personal relationship w/ loving god 5. promised eternal life after death |
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early christian church
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priests led small groups of christians
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bishop
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a priest that supervised several local churches
eventually, every major city had its own bishop |
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first bishop
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peter
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pope
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father of christian church
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Constantine
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roman emperor who fought 3 rivals for his title
-was victorious in battle and gave credit to christian god annnounced end of prosecution of christians declared chistianity religion approved by empire |
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heresy
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belief that appeared to contradict basic teachings
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new testament
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contained 4 gospels, epistles of paul, others
official standard belief |
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nicene creed
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written by constantine-defined basic beliefs of church
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Fathers of church
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several early writers and scholars
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ex. of father
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augustine
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augustine
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wrote famous book THE CITY OF GOD when rome was plundered
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the bisop of ___ was considered the pope
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rome
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what made the economy decline?
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1. frequent wars=costly
2. outside people disrupted trade 3. no expansion=nno new metal 4. inflation 5. farlmand overworked and destroyed by warfare-food shortages |
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mercenaries
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foreign soldiers who fought for $ -less $ than romans
felt no loyalty |
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how was military affected
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germanic tribes overwhelmed roman legions
perians captured emperor valerian |
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how were politics affected?
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citizens lost patriotism
local officials usually lost money in office |
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284 new emperor
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Diocletian
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diocletian
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doubled size of army
absolute ruler severly limited personal freedoms drafted prisoners of war attempted to control inflation passed decrees to persecute christians divided empire |
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empire divisions
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1. Greek-speaking east
greece, anatolia, syria, egypt 2. latin-speaking west italy, gaul, britannia, spain |
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general maximian
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co-ruler of diocletian who controlled west while D controlled east
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which half was wwealthier and why?
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east-had ciities and trade center
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who gained control of the western empire?
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constantine
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inflation
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drastic drop in value of money coupled with a rise in prices
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constantinople
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new name of the city of byzantium, the new capital of rome--2nd capital
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why decline of western roman empire
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internal problems, separation from wealthier east, and invasion
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who drove the last roman emperor from throne
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germans
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huns
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mongol nomads from central asia
invaded-forced other groups in roman empire |
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visigoths
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put rome under siege
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alaric
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king of visigoths
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altila
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chieftan who united huns and terrorized empire
negotiated a withdrawal w/ pope leo I bc they were weakened |
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last roman emperor
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Romulus Augustulus-sent into exile by german general
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eastern half name
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byzantine empire
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what happened to eastern half?
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flourished-preserved greek and roman culture but fell to ottoman turks in 1453
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what did romans get from greeks
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art, architechture, literacture and philosophy
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who conqquered who
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romans conquered greeeks and learned greek langauge
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Greco-roman culture
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mix of greek, hellenistic, and roman culture
also called calssical civilzation |
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what art did romans learn from greeks
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sculpture
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when was the greatst artisitc achievement
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during reign of augustus
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bas-relief
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images project from flat background
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mosaics
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romans skilled in mosaics-pictures of designs made by setting small pieces of stone, glass, or tile onto a surface
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frescoes
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large bright mural owned by most wealthy romans
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mural
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painting directly on wall
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pompeii
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town where best ex. of roman painting are found
volano (mt. vesuvius) erupted and preserved art there |
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stoicism
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philosophy of greek teacher zeno
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virgil
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poet who spent 10 years writing most famous work of latin literature, THE ANEID, epic of legendary aeneas
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who did he model it afeter
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greek epics of homer
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ovid
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wrote light witty poetry for enjoyment and history
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livy
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wrote muth of rome-more than true history
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tacitus
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roman historian who presented the facts accurately and wrote ANNALS and HISTORIES, the good and bad of imperial rome
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official language of rome and roman catholic church
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latin
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romance languages
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commance roman heritage, developed by latin
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examples
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french, spanish, portuguese, italian, and romanian
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architecture
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arch, dome, concrete
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aqueducts
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designed by roman enineers to bring water into cities and towns
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law system
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believed laws should be equl and far to all
stadards of justice influenced by teachings of stoic |
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imporatnt principles in roman law
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1. all people have equal ttreatment under law
2. people are not innocent until proven guilt 3. proof rests w/ accuser rather than accused 4. person puunished for action, not thoughts 5. unreasonable or unfair law could be set aside |