Sports Midterm Chapter 3 Motivation

Front 1

• Motivation

Back 1

o The direction and intensity of one’s effort

Front 2

o Trait-centered view (aka participant centered view)

Back 2

 Personality, needs, interests, goals of the athlete are the most important determinants of motivated behavior

Front 3

o Situation-centered view

Back 3

 Particular situation determines the athlete’s level of motivation

Front 4

o Interactional view

Back 4

 Interaction between personality and situations the athlete must confront

Front 5

• Achievement motivation

Back 5

o A person’s efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent

Front 6

• Competitiveness

Back 6

o A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others
 Social evaluation is key component

Front 7

• 5 Guidelines for building motivation

Back 7

o Consider both situations and traits
o Understand people’s multiple motives for involvement
o Change the environment to enhance motivation
 Competition and recreation
 Multiple opportunities to meet
o Influence motivation
 Don’t let your bad day influence the athlete
o Use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives

Front 8

o Need-achievement theory

Back 8

 Interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior
 Also includes fear of failure and motivation to achieve success
 5 components according to book
• Personality factors or motives,
• Situational factors
• Resultant tendencies
o Derived by considering an individual’s achievement motive levels in relation to situational factors
o Best at predicting avoidance/seeking out of 50/50 chance of success behavior
• Emotional reactions
o How much pride and shame an athlete experiences
• Achievement-related behaviors
o How the four other components interact
o High achievers prefer intermediate challenges, perform well when evaluated
o Low achievers select extremely difficult or easy challenges

Front 9

o Attribution theory

Back 9

 How athletes explain their successes and failures
• Stability, locus of causality, locus of control
o Stable/unstable, internal/external, can/can’t control

Front 10

o Achievement-goal theory

Back 10

 Proposes that three factors determine an athlete’s level of motivation
• Achievement goal
• Perceived ability
• Achievement behavior
 Orientations
• A task-oriented athlete
o Does not compare themselves to other athletes, but focused on improving his/her own competitive performance based on past performances
o When faced with difficulties, tend to persist
o More likely to manifest desirable motivational behaviors
o Enjoy learning and mastering progressively difficult tasks
• Ego-oriented athletes
o Outcome oriented
o Gotta win, or else I’ll look like a loser
o Constantly comparing themselves to other athletes
 Athletic skills, performance
 Have a need to not look like a loser in front of evaluative others
• Coaches, judges, parents, referees, etc
o Focus upon external criteria for determining success
 Perception of ability is more important than hard work
o Often focus on defeating their opponents with the least amount of hard work
 Entity view of goal perspective
• Adopt an outcome goal focus, where they see their ability as fixed and unable to be changed through effort
 Incremental focus
• Adopt a task goal perspective and believe they can change their ability through hard work and effort

Front 11

o Competence motivation theory

Back 11

 People are motivated to feel worthy or competent and, moreover, that such feelings are the primary determinants of motivation
 Athletes’ perceptions of control (feeling control over whether they can learn and perform skills) work along with self-worth and competence evaluations to influence their motivation
• However these feelings do not influence motivation directly. Rather they influence affective or emotional states that in turn influence motivation