Sport Psychology Iii

Front 1

Leadership Behavior

Back 1

The use of different leadership styles influences the behaviors and reactions of participants

Front 2

10 Qualities for effective leadership

Back 2

1. Trust
2. Fairness
3. Generosity
4. Respect
5. Consideration
6. Gratefulness
7. Dignity
8. Integrity
9. Caring Candor
10. Responsiveness

Front 3

How do males and females differ in leadership choices?

Back 3

Men pick male leaders while women pick both male and female

Front 4

What was at the top of Wooden's Pyramid of Success?

Back 4

Competitive greatness

Front 5

Describe the Coach Training Study

Back 5

A 2 hour coach training workshop was held that:
1. emphasized desirable behaviors
2. de-emphasised undesirable behaviors
Results:
1. Coach behavior changed
2. Increase in self-esteem greatest for younger, female swimmers
3. Increase in self-esteem for swimmers with lower self-esteem at the start of the study.

Front 6

Define feedback.

Back 6

Information an individual receives about behavior or the consequence of that behavior

Front 7

What are the functions of feedback?

Back 7

1. Information - what should be performed, expected proficiency, and individual's current proficiency
2. Motivation
3. Reinforcement - consequences that follow behavior reinforce behavior

Front 8

Define reinforcement.

Back 8

Any operation that increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur

Front 9

Define the different types of reinforcement.

Back 9

1. Positive reinforcement - to present something positive to increase behavior
2. Negative reinforcement - to remove something negative to increase behavior

Front 10

Define punishment.

Back 10

Any operation that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur

Front 11

What are two methods of punishment?

Back 11

1. To present something negative to decrease behavior
2. To remove something positive to decrease behavior

Front 12

What is this an example of and is it ok?

A coach has his athletes run laps because they were disrespectful.

Back 12

Adding something bad is punishment. This is not a good strategy, as it associates running as something negative.

Front 13

What is a better method to promote desirable behavior?

Back 13

Reinforcement is better than punishment

Front 14

Define Behavior Management

Back 14

Changing behavior through the principles of reinforcement, using mostly positive reinforcement

Front 15

What are the fundamental rules of behavior management?

Back 15

1. Define desirable and undesirable behaviors
2. Structure the situation to allow for desired behavior
3. Determine the reinforcers
4. Apply the reinforcers contingently and immediately upon behavior
5. Evaluate to see if the behavior change occurred

Front 16

Define modeling.

Back 16

A general process in which others attempt to reproduce actions demonstrated by another person

Front 17

Define the Social Cognitive Theory of Modeling

Back 17

An indirect view of modeling stating that:
1. observers code modeled behavior
2. the codes are used to guide overt behavior

Front 18

What are 3 sources of error of the Social Cognitive Theory?

Back 18

1. The model could be wrong
2. The code could be wrong
3. the observer might not be able to reproduce the behavior

Front 19

Why is the Social Cognitive Theory of Modeling an indirect view of modeling?

Back 19

Because there is room for error in the steps between seeing an action and performing it yourself.

Front 20

What are the essential components of the social cognitive theory of modeling and how are they related?

Back 20

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Reproduction
4. Motivation
First two are about learning
Second two are about Performing
None of these are exclusive

Front 21

What are some practical strategies for each component of the social cognitive theory of modeling?

Back 21

1. Attention - remove distractions, identify key points, ask observer questions.
2. Retention - establish meaningful cues, write to remember, use mental and verbal practice
3. Motor Reproduction - Utilize lead-up skills, breakdown complex skills, employ physical practice
4. Motivation - refer to a high status individual, explain the why behind the information

Front 22

What are the psychosocial effects of modeling?

Back 22

1. Reduce fear an anxiety
2. Enhance motivation and confidence

Front 23

What is shown in the mastery model?

Back 23

Model shows a flawless performance from the outset.

Front 24

What is shown in the coping model?

Back 24

Model initially shows fears and deficiencies of observers, then gradually improves to show confidence and mastery

Front 25

What is shown in the participant model?

Back 25

1. Demonstration
2. Guided participation
3. Gradual removal of guidance

Front 26

What are the effects of varied model similarity?

Back 26

- "Perfect-looking" model lowered self-presentational self-efficacy (SPE)
- Infrequent/non-exercisers lowered SPE after both models
- Lower SPE led to lower intention to exercise

Front 27

What is the Visual Perception Perspective of modeling?

Back 27

A direct view of modeling that believes seeing is enough to master a motion. The key to discriminating movement patterns is relative motion.

Front 28

What are practical implications of the Visual Perception Perspective of modeling?

Back 28

1. Dynamic demonstrations (involving full motion)
2. Show the entire action
3. Allow practice for control - feedback and repetition

Front 29

Define the Expectancy Process?

Back 29

A leader's opinions has an influence on participants

Front 30

What are the steps of the expectancy process?

Back 30

1. Leader's expectation based on person cues and performance information
2. Expectations influence behavior
3. Treatment affects individual's performance, motivation, and learning
4. Individual's behavior conforms to expectations

Front 31

What individuals are the most susceptible to the expectancy process?

Back 31

- Stereotyped athletes
- Beginners
- Individual's with low self-esteem
- Young athletes

Front 32

How do you break the expectancy process?

Back 32

By having accurate and flexible expectations as a leader

Front 33

What are some implications for a leader to avoid the expectancy process?

Back 33

- Assess oneself
- Provide equal opportunity
- Determine actual performance

Front 34

What traits of a leader can lead to the expectancy process?

Back 34

Leader has inaccurate and inflexible perception of individuals