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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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33 bones of the vertebral column
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Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum - 5 Coccyx - 4 |
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Amphiarthrodial/Fibrocartilaginous
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disc articulation
cartilaginous joints |
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Diarthrodial/Synovial
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allows for motion
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Spinal Cord
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protected within the spine.
runs through the vertebral foramen to L2. |
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Cauda Equina
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bundle of nerve roots at the base of the spinal cord.
runs from L2-S5 |
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Lordosis
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Normal-Excessive curvature of the cervical or lumbar spine.
Concaves posteriorly Secondary curves |
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Kyphosis
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Excessive curvature in the thoracic spine.
Primary Curve Convex posteriorly |
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Annulus Fibrosis
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Sits in between the vertebrae. (Donut)
Subject to breaking down. Herniations mostly occur in lumbar spine |
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Nucleus Pulposus
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Center of the annulus. (Jelly)
With herniation becomes compressed/expelled. Causing pain. With flex with nucleus moves posteriorly |
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Trunk Flexion: disc motion
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Nucleus Movement: posterior
Annulus: Posterior becoming tight Intervertebral Space: (posteriorly) widening |
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Trunk Extension: disc motion
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Nucleus Movement: anterior
Annulus: anterior becoming tight Intervertebral Space: (posteriorly) narrowing |
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Atlanto-Occipital (A-O)
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Articulation between occiput & the Atlas (C1)
Type of Joint: synovial joint Prime Motion: flex & ext |
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Atlanto-Axial (A-A)
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Joint between the atlas (C1) & the axis (C2).
Prime Motion: rotation Vertebral artery runs through the transverse foramen C5/C6-C7. |
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Facet Joint Motions (entire spine)
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Cervical: rotation, SB, Flex, Ext
Thoracic: Rotation & SB Lumbar: Flex & Ext |
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Thoracic Spine Motion
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SB & rotation occur together although in opposite directions.
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Costal Joints (ribs)
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Ribs 1-7: True Ribs. Attach directly to the sternum
Ribs 8-10: False Ribs. Attach indirectly to the sternum by the costal cartilage. Ribs: 11-12. Floating Ribs. Have no anterior attachments |
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Lumbrosacral Junction
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•Articulation between L5 & S1.
•Frequent sight of disc herniation. •Normal angle 30˚ •Increased lumbar lordosis: anterior pelvic tilt •Decrease lumbar lordosis: posterior pelvic tilt |
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Intersegmental
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ligament that crosses multiple joints
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Intrasegmental
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ligament that only crosses one joint
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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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Location: Anterior vertebral body
Limits: hyperextension Intersegmental |
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Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
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Location: posterior aspect of vertebral body within the vertebral foramen.
Limits: flexion (provides disc stability) Intersegmental |
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Ligamentum Flavum
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Location: posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen
Limits: flexion Intrasegmental |
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Interspinous Ligament
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Location: between each spinous processes
Limits: flexion Intrasegmental |
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Intertransversal Ligament
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Location: between each transverse processes
Limits: SB Intrasegmental |
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Ligamentum Nuchae
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Location: runs along the tips of the spinous processes. Runs from the occiput to C7.
Limits: flexion Intersegmental |
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Supraspinal Ligament
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Location: runs along the tips of the spinous processes. Run from C7 to sacrum.
Limits: Flexion Intersegmental |
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Iliolumbar
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Location: attaches on the transverse process of L5 & runs laterally to the inner lip of the posterior portion of the iliac crest.
Limits: SB & anterior translation of L5 on S1 |
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Cervical SB
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all the mm on the same side will perform the motion
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Cervical rotation (to the right)
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Left SCM (on the opposite side) & the splenius capitus on the same side performs the side-bending motion
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Head Flexors (4)
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Prevertebrals
-longus colli -longus capitus -rectus capitis anterior -rectus capitis lateralis |
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Neck/Cervical Flexors (2)
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SCM (sternocleidomastoid)
Scalenes (assist in motion) |
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Head Extensors (4)
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Suboccipitals
1. Obliquus Capitis Superior 2. Obliquus Capitis Inferior 3. Rectus Capitis Posterior Major 4. Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor |
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Neck/Cervical Extensors (3)
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Erector Spinae
Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis |
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Cervical SB (5)
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Scalenes
SCM Eretor Spinae Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis |
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Cervical Rotators (3)
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SCM (opposite)
Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis |
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Trunk Flexors (4)
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Rectus Abdominus
External Obliques Internal Obliques Transverse abdominus (compression) |
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Trunk Extensors (3)
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Erector Spinae
Transversospinalis (bilaterally) Interspinalis |
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Trunk SB (5)
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External & Internal Obliques
Erector Spinae Quadratus Lumborum Intertransversarii |
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Trunk Rotators (4)
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External Obliques (same side)
Internal Obliques (opposite side) Transversospinalis (unilaterally) Erector Spinae |
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Erector Spinae Muscles
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Spinalis
Longissismus Iliocostalis |
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Transversospinalis Muscles
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Semispinales
Rotators Multifidus |
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Osteoporosis
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loss in bone mass. can lead to spinal compression fx.
Interventions: -trunk extension (prone laying, scapular retraction, & thoracic bolster) -pt education: ex to increase bone density ( walking, weight lifting, & WB ex) |
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Spondylolysis
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bony defect found in the vertebral arch between the superior & inferior facets.
its a fx of the pars interarticularis the spine remains aligned. |
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Spondylolisthesis
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forward slippage of one superior vertebra over an inferior vertebra, result of instability of the pars interarticularis.
Further slippage could result in loss of bowel/bladder control & change in motor/sensation. Interventions: -Pt should avoid extension exercises |
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Disc Herniations
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excessive/prolonged mechanical stress placed on the disc weakens the structure. leads to bulging or herniation of the disc.
Causing: localized pain, radiculopathy, reduced reflexes, numbness, tingling, or loss of motor function. Intervention: -postural awareness -correcting mm imbalance -extension exercises -traction -core strengthening |
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Disc Protrusion
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nucleus bulges against intact annulus
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Extruded Disc
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nucleus has broken thru annulus wall but still confined by the posterior longitudinal ligament
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Sequestrated Disc
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nucleus has broken thru the ligament & is now free within the spinal canal.
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Scoliosis
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curvature of the spine in the frontal plane.
R Thoracic & L Lumbar curve: -L thoracic mm tightness (stretch) -R thoracic mm weakness (strengthen) -L lumbar mm weakness (strengthen) -R lumbar mm tightness (stretch) Functional: reversable (leg-length descrepancy/mm imbalance) Structural: irreversable. vertebral defect. need bracing & surgery |
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SI Dysfunctions
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A leg-length problem or a SI problem causing the ASIS & PSIS to not align properly.
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Right P.I.
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R PSIS has rotated posteriorly.
ASIS is higher than the PSIS |
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Right A.I.
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The R ASIS has rotated anteriorly.
PSIS higher than ASIS |
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Plumb Line - Head Position
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Lat. - in line w/ auditory meatus
Ant/Post. - midline of head |
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Plumb Line - Cervical Spine
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Lat. - transect the bodies of the vertebra
Ant. - transect spinous process |
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Plumb Line - Shoulders
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Lat. - transect the middle of the acromion
Ant. - midline of spinous process/ looking for elevation/winging/tipping or rotation of shoulders |
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Plumb Line - Thoracic Spine
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Lat. - should hit mid trunk
Ant. - transect spinous process- looking for curvature/rib hump |
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Plumb Line - Lumbar Spine
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Lat. - transect bodies of vertebra
Ant. - transect spinous process - looking for curvature/rib hump. |
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Plumb Line - Pelvis
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Lat. - ASIS & PSIS should be level to each other
Ant. - looking for R&L ASIS and R&L PSIS are level along with level iliac crests. |
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Plumb Line - Hip
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Lat. - Transect the greater trochanter
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Plumb Line - Knees
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Lat. - slightly anterior to midknee. posterior to patella
Ant. - looking for genu valgum or genu varus |
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Plumb Line - Feet
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Lat. - anterior to lateral malleolus.
Ant. - Looking for supination/pronation. Pes Valgus/Pes Cavus |
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Forward Head
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ext. auditory meatus is anterior to the plumb line
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Rounded Shoulders
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shoulder anterior to plumb line
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Kyphosis (plumb line)
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T spine excessively posterior to the plumb line
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Excessive Lordosis
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lumbar spine is anterior to the plumb line
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Antigravity Muscles
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Hip Extensors
Knee Extensors Neck & Trunk Extensors |
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Postural Sway: Leaning Forward
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Plantar Flexors work to bring you back to an upright position
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Postural Sway: Leaning Backwards
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Dorsiflexors work to bring you back to an upright position.
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Aged Posture
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Hip Flexion
Knee Flexion Ankle Plantarflexion Posterior BOS Kyphosis ER of Hips |
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Lordotic Posture
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Charact: increased lumbar lordosis, anterior pelvic tilt, increased hip flexion
MM Tightness: hip flexors & lumbar extensors MM Weakness: Abdominals |
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Sway Back
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Charact: shifting of the entire pelvis segment anteriorly. thoracic kyphosis & forward head.
MM Tightness: upper abdominals & hip extensors MM Weakness: lower abdominals & hip flexors |
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Flat Low Back
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Charact: decreased lumbar lordosis, decreased hip extension, & posterior pelvic tilt. (decreased lumbro-sacral angle)
MM Tightness: trunk flexors & hip extensors MM Weakness: lumbar extensors & hip flexors |
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Forward Head
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Charact: increased flexion of the lower cervical & upper thoracic. increased extension of the upper cervical vertebrae & extension of the occiput.
MM Tightness: pecs, serratus anterior, LD, LS, SCM, scalenes, & posterior cervical mm. MM Weakness: Rhomboids, Middle traps, & anterior cervical mm. |
