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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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there are 2 prominent enlargements called |
cervical and lumbar enlargements |
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cervical enlargement |
supplies nerves to shoulders and upper limbs |
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lumbar enlargement |
supplies nerves to the pelvis and lower limbs |
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conus medullaris |
cone shaped inferior tip of cord |
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largest amount of grey matter is located in |
the cervical and lumbar enlargements |
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how many pairs of spinal nerves? |
31 |
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each spinal nerve is formed bu the merging |
of two roots:
anterior (ventral) root posterior (dorsal) root |
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anterior root |
formed exclusively of motor neurons |
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posterior root |
exclusively sensory in function |
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a spinal nerve is a mixed nerve meaning |
it consists of both the anterior motor and posterior sensory root |
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as you descend down the cord, white matter |
decreases |
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cauda equina |
roots of lower spinal nerves that enter the sacral canal |
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layers of protection |
bone epidural space dura mater subdural space arachnoid mater subarachnoid space pia mater |
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epidural space |
cushioning layer of adipose and connective tissue |
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dura mater |
outermost meninges
tough fibrous opaque membrane |
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the 3 meningies are |
dura arachnoid pia
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subdural space |
between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater |
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arachnoid mater |
spider web lookin thing
collagen network between dura and pia mater |
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subarachnoid space |
region between arachnoid membrane and pia mater *** contains CSF and blood vessels |
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pia mater |
innermost transparent membrane attached to surface of cord |
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lumbar puncture |
insertion of needle below L2 into the arachnoid mater |
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epidural block |
injection of anesthetic into the epidural space of the sacrum or lumbar vertebrae |
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anterior median sulcus |
deep groove in the anterior side of the cord |
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central canal |
contains CSF |
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gray matter |
unmyelinated dendrites and cell bodies *gray horns |
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anterior gray horns |
cell bodies and dendrites of somatic motor neurons *voluntary control |
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lateral gray horns |
cell bodies and dendrites of autonomic motor neurons *reflexive |
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posterior gray horns |
sensory neurons |
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white matter |
myelinated axons divided into columns |
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anterior white columns |
between anterior grey horns |
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lateral white column |
laterally on each side |
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posterior white column |
between posterior gray horns |
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tracts |
bundles of axons not surrounded in connective tissue in the CNS *in white matter |
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posterior root ganglia |
located on the posterior root of each spinal nerve contains cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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are spinal nerves vascularized? |
yep |
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each spinal nerve divides into |
4 branches after merging of anterior and posterior roots |
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4 roots from spinal nerve |
anterior ramus posterior ramus meningeal branch rami communicantes |
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anterior ramus |
largest branch supplies the skin of stomach and lateral trunk AND limbs |
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posterior ramus |
supplies the skin and deep back muscles |
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meningeal branch |
supplies the spine and memengies |
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rami communicants |
part of the autonomic nervous system |
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plexus |
axons are rearranged into new nerves
*mostly from anterior ramus |
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how many plexuses? |
4 on each side of body |
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4 plexuses |
cervical brachial lumbar sacral |
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where is the thoracic plexus located? |
nowhere because its not a thing. There is no thoracic plexus |
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cervical plexus |
c1-c4 nerves supply neck and diaphragm |
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major nerve in cervical plexus |
phrenic nerve *breathing |
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brachial plexus |
c5-c8 supply muscles of shoulder and upper limbs |
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major nerve in brachial plexus |
median, radial and ulnar |
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lumbar plexus |
L1-L4 supply quads and thigh adductors
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major nerve in lumbar plexus |
femoral nerve |
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intercostal nerves |
anterior rami of the thoracic nerves do not form a plexus but they go directly into the muscles of the rib cage and ab muscles |
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sacral plexus |
s1-s4 supply gluteal muscles, hamstrings, and all leg muscles below knee
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major nerve in sacral plexus |
sciatic nerve |
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dermatomes |
bilateral region of skin that recieves its senses from one pair of spinal nerves |
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reflexes |
rapid, automatic responses to stimuli |
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reflex arc |
pathway of reflex |
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composition of reflex arc |
sensory receptor sensory neuron info processing in CNS motor neuron effector |
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classification of reflexes (2) |
site of processing type of response |
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spinal reflexes |
processing occurs in cord |
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cranial reflexes |
processing occurs in brain |
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somatic reflexes |
effectors are skeletal muscles |
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autonomic reflexes |
effectors are smooth or cardiac muscle or glands |
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stretch reflexes |
sudden stretch of a muscle produces a reflex contraction of the same muscle
simple reflex (monosynaptic)
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monosynaptic reflex |
stretch reflex
axons of sensory nerves go directly to motor neurons
Patellar reflex |
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withdrawl reflex |
contraction of FLEXOR muscles and withdrawl of the limb
polysynaptic |
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polysynaptic reflex |
withdrawl from painful stimulus
involves multiple levels of spinal cord |
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mid-thoracic transection of cord |
parapalegic paralyzed from waist down |
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mid-cervical transection of cord |
quadrapalegic all 4 limbs paralyzed *breathing still in tact |
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c1 transection |
paralyzed from neck down *need a ventilator to breathe |
