Chapter 13: Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves

Front 1

How is white matter organized in the spinal cord?

Back 1

Ascending and descending tracts, grouping into columns

Front 2

Spinal cord is protected by:

Back 2

Vertebral column, spinal meninges, cerebro spinal fluid, and denticulate ligaments

Front 3

Spinal meninges

Back 3

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 4

What does the enlargement of the spinal cord in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord control?

Back 4

The lower limbs

Front 5

What does the enlargement of the spinal cord in the cervical segments of the spinal cord control?

Back 5

The upper limbs

Front 6

A strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament

Back 6

Filum terminale

Front 7

The tapered inferior portion of the spinal cord is called

Back 7

conus medullaris

Front 8

Spinal cord is divided into how many segments?

Back 8

31

Front 9

When does elongation of the spinal cord cease?

Back 9

4 years old

Front 10

Why is the spinal cord shorter in relation to the spine?

Back 10

Elongation of the spine stops at 4, but vertebral column continues to grow.

Front 11

Outermost meninge of the spinal cord

Back 11

Dura mater

Front 12

Where are the blood vessels located that supply the spinal cord

Back 12

Pia mater

Front 13

Where is the pia mater bound to?

Back 13

Tightly bound to the surface of the neural tissue

Front 14

Ligaments that are thickenings of the pia mater

Back 14

Denticulate ligaments

Front 15

Subdural space separates what?

Back 15

Dura mater and the arachnoid mater

Front 16

The space of the spinal cord that contains cerebro-spinal fluid

Back 16

subarachnoid space

Front 17

Epidural space

Back 17

space between the dura mater and the wall of vertebral canal

Front 18

Space that contains connective tissue and blood vessels

Back 18

Epidural space

Front 19

There is epidural space in the meninges of the....

Back 19

Spinal cord

Front 20

There is no epidural space in the meninges of the...

Back 20

Brain

Front 21

Epidural block primarily provides what

Back 21

Sensory anasthesia as a method of pain control during labor and delivery

Front 22

Epidural block affects what?

Back 22

Spinal nerves in the immediate area of injection

Front 23

Horns of the spinal cord

Back 23

Projections of gray matter toward outer surface of the spinal cord

Front 24

Anterior gray horn contains what

Back 24

Nerve cell bodies of motor neurons

Front 25

Polio virus affects what area of the spinal cord?

Back 25

Anterior horn in the lumbar region

Front 26

Dorsal root ganglia contains what

Back 26

cell bodies of sensory neuron

Front 27

Posterior gray horn of the spinal cord contains what?

Back 27

Nerve cell bodies of interneuron and terminal axon of the sensory neuron

Front 28

Gray commisures

Back 28

Contain axons from one side of the spinal cord to the other within gray matter

Front 29

What structures partially divide the spinal cord into left and right sides?

Back 29

anterior and posterior median fissure sulcus

Front 30

White matter of spinal cord contains what?

Back 30

Bundles of axons that share origins, destination, and function

Front 31

White matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

Back 31

Myelinated axons

Front 32

Epineurium

Back 32

Outermost connective tissue covering of spinal nerve

Front 33

Perineurium

Back 33

Middle layer of spinal nerve

Front 34

Endoneurium

Back 34

Innermost layer of spinal nerve

Front 35

Spinal nerves are part of CNS/PNS?

Back 35

PNS

Front 36

What do spinal nerves in the CNS do?

Back 36

Sensors and effectors in all parts of the body

Front 37

How are spinal nerves named?

Back 37

According to the region of the cord from which they emerge

Front 38

Spinal nerves are "mixed" nerves which means...

Back 38

They are formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral root.

Front 39

Shingles infect what? How does the rash spread?

Back 39

Dorsal root ganglia. Causing a painful rash whose distributioncorresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves.

Front 40

Dorsal root contains what kind of neurons?

Back 40

Axons of sensory neurons

Front 41

Ventral root contains what part of neurons?

Back 41

Axons of motor neurons

Front 42

Thejoining of the VENTRAL RAMIof adjacent spinal nerves is called

Back 42

Nerve plexus

Front 43

Ventral rami of of nerves T2-T12 do not form what?

Back 43

Plexus

Front 44

Nerves T2-T12 are called what?

Back 44

Intercostal nerves

Front 45

Intercostal nerves connect where?

Back 45

Directly to the structures they supply

Front 46

Four major nerve plexus?

Back 46

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

Front 47

Cervical plexus

Back 47

Ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5

Front 48

Brachial plexus location

Back 48

Ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Front 49

Lumbar plexus location

Back 49

Ventral rami of spinal nerves L1-L4

Front 50

Sacral Plexus

Back 50

Ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4

Front 51

The brachial plexus is organized into

Back 51

Trunks and cords

Front 52

Trunks in the brachial plexus is a fusion of what

Back 52

Several roots

Front 53

Ulnar, median, and radial nerves are found in what plexus?

Back 53

Brachial plexus

Front 54

Injury to the ulnar nerve may result in a condition called

Back 54

Claw hand

Front 55

Injury to the radial nerve may result in a condition called

Back 55

Wrist drop

Front 56

What nerve is affected in carpal tunnel?

Back 56

median nerve

Front 57

Femoral nerve is found in what plexus?

Back 57

Lumbar plexus

Front 58

Longest nerve in the body

Back 58

Sciatic nerve

Front 59

What plexus is the sciatic nerve found?

Back 59

Sacral plexus

Front 60

Where does the sciatic nerve divide?

Back 60

As it approaches the knee

Front 61

The names of the two branches of the sciatic nerve?

Back 61

Tibial and fibular nerves

Front 62

Tibial nerve controls what muscles

Back 62

Hamstring muscles and muscles of the superficial and deep posterior compartment of the leg

Front 63

Fibular nerve controls what muscles

Back 63

Tibialis anterior and muscles that dorsiflex the foot

Front 64

Obturator nerves location

Back 64

Lumbar plexus

Front 65

Obturator nerves control what muscles?

Back 65

Most hip adductors and gracilis

Front 66

Largest nerve of the lumbar plexus

Back 66

femoral nerve

Front 67

Femoral nerve controls what muscles?

Back 67

Quadriceps and sartorius

Front 68

Injury to femoral nerve results in

Back 68

An inability to extend the leg andloss of sensation in the skin over anteromedial aspect of the thigh

Front 69

Phrenic nerve is found where?

Back 69

Cervical plexus

Front 70

Phrenic nerve controls what?

Back 70

Diaphragm muscle

Front 71

What happens when the phrenic nerve is damaged?

Back 71

breathing stops

Front 72

Dermatome

Back 72

specificregion of the SKIN that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve

Front 73

Reflexes can be classified according to...

Back 73

-Development of the reflex

-the site of information processing

-the nature of the motor response

-the complexity of neural circuit involved

Front 74

Somatic reflexes involve what kinds of muscles?

Back 74

skeletal

Front 75

Visceral reflexes involve what kinds of muscles?

Back 75

Smooth

Front 76

Components of a reflex arc

Back 76

a) Sensoryreceptor

b) Sensoryneuron

c) Integrating center

d) Motorneuron

e) Effector

Front 77

Integration center

Back 77

a part of a reflex arc that receives sensoryinformation and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition

Front 78

a part of a reflex arc that receives sensoryinformation and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition

Back 78

Integration center

Front 79

Effector

Back 79

part of a nervous reflex arc that is usually a muscle or gland

Front 80

Where does a sensory neuron synapse go in a monosynaptic reflex

Back 80

directly on a motor neuron

Front 81

Where does a sensory neuron synapse go to in a polysynaptic reflex

Back 81

An interneuron (one or more) --> motor neuron

Front 82

Polysynaptic reflex is intersegmental in distribution. What does this mean?

Back 82

Interneurons of severalsegments of the spinal cord are activated from one sensory neuron

Front 83

Polysynaptic reflex involves reciprocal innervation. What does this mean?

Back 83

contraction of one muscleand relaxation of its antagonists

Front 84

Receptor in stretch reflex (EPSP)

Back 84

Muscle spindle

Front 85

Function of stretch reflex (EPSP)

Back 85

Prevents a muscle from overstretching

Front 86

Characteristics of stretch reflex (EPSP)

Back 86

1.) Monosynaptic

2.) Ipsilateral

3.) Regulates posture

4.) Activates when muscle elongates

5.) Involves reciprocal innervation

Front 87

Reciprical innervation

Back 87

contractionof the intended prime muscle, inhibition of the antagonists

reciprocal innervation is process that interneurons inthe spinal cord prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intendedmovement

Front 88

A somatic spinal reflex that involves one effector muscle being stimulated while the opposing muscle is inhibited is called

Back 88

reciprocal innervation

Front 89

In response to a muscle being stretched a musclespindle initiates a

Back 89

Somatic spinal reflex

Front 90

In response to a muscle being stretched a musclespindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex (stretch reflex), that causes:

____ of the agonist muscleand ____ of the antagonist muscle.

Back 90

Contraction. Relaxation.

Front 91

In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, atendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex (tendon reflex), that causes:

____ of the antagonist muscleand _____ of the agonist muscle

Back 91

Contraction. Relaxation.

Front 92

Flexor reflex (EPSP) does what regarding tension?

Back 92

Prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension

Front 93

Flexor reflex characteristics

Back 93

1.) polysynaptic

2.) ipsilateral

3.) reciprocal inhiibition

4.) Moves limbs away from a painfaul stimulus

Front 94

Reflex that moves limbs away from a painful stimulus

Back 94

Flexor reflex

Front 95

Crossed extensor reflex (EPSP) characteristics

Back 95

1.) Polysynaptic

2.) Contralateral

3.) Reciprocal innervation

4.) Complementsa withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustment on the opposite sideof the body receiving stimulus

5.) Reciprocal inhibition

Front 96

Tendon reflex (IPSP) characteristics

Back 96

a) Prevent tearing of muscle and tendons during contraction

b) Polysynaptic

c) Ipsilateral

d) Reciprocal inhibition

e) Sensory receptors are called Golgi tendon organ

Front 97

A

Back 97

Gray Matter

Front 98

B

Back 98

White Matter

Front 99

C

Back 99

Spinal Nerve

Front 100

D

Back 100

Denticulate Ligament

Front 101

E

Back 101

Subarachnoid Space

Front 102

F

Back 102

Subdural Space

Front 103

G

Back 103

Pia Mater

Front 104

H

Back 104

Arachnoid Mater

Front 105

I

Back 105

Dura Mater