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74 Cards in this Set

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What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?
cervical enlargement corresponds to the location where axons that supply the upper limbs enter and leave

lumbosacral enlargement is where axons supplying lower limbs enter and leave spinal cord
what is the conus medullaris?
immediately inferior to lumbosacral enlargement

where nerves for lower limb exit
what is the cauda equina?
the numerous roots of spinal nerves from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris resemble a horse's tail

nerves from the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
What are the anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus?
deep clefts partially separating the two halves of the cord.
name the 3 columns of white matter
ventral (anterior)
dorsal (posterior)
lateral
what are the 3 columns of the gray matter?
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
define tract.

Does it exist outside CNS
pathway where individual axons ascend to the brain or descend from the brain.

No
What is a commisure?
contain axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Central canal is in the center of the gray commisure
Describe rootlets and spinal nerves
Spinal nerves arise from numerous rootlets along ventral and dorsal surfaces of the spinal cord. 6-8 rootlets combine to form both the ventral and dorsal roots.
Where is the ganglion?
Dorsal root
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
collections of cell bodies of the sensory neurons forming the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves

contains the nerve cell bodies of all the sensory neurons in that spinal nerve
What is a reflex arc?
The simplest basic funtional unit of the nervous system because it is the basics:
receive a stimulus and produce a response
Name the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
1. epidural space

2. dura mater

3. subdural space

4. arachnoid mater

5. subarachnoid space

6. pia mater
What is in the epidural space?
spinal nerve roots, blood vessels areolar conn. tissue and fat
What limits the lateral movement of the spinal cord?
denticulate ligaments
Where is the CSF in the spinal cord?
subarachonoid space (btwn arachnoid mater and pia mater)
What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx and is continuous with pia mater?
filum terminale
Where is epidural anesthesia administered?
epidural space (superficial to the meninges)
Where does the spinal cord stop?
2nd lumbar vertebra
What cell bodies do the lateral horns of the gray mater in thoracic region correspond to?
sympathetic motor neurons
what is a funiculi?
a white matter column
What is a fasciculi?
aka a tract
Explain a reflex arc
1. a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor

2. A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the spinal nerve and dorsal root to the spinal cord

3. in s.c. sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron

4. the interneuron synapses with a motere neuron

5. a motor neuron axon conducts action potentials through the ventral root and spinal nerve to an effector organ
Explain a stretch reflex
1. muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle

2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

3. Sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons

4. Stimulation of alpha motor neurons results in action potentials being conducted to the muscle, causing it to contract and resist being strectched.

This is how muscle tone is maintained
Golgi tendon organ
prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons.

located within tendons near the tendon muscle junction
Describe the golgi tendon reflex
1. golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to a tendonj

2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

3. Sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons

4. Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation, relieving the tension applied to the tendon.
Describe the withdrawl reflex
1. Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus

2. Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

3. Sensory neurons synapse with exitatory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons

4. Excitation of the alpha motor neurons results in contration of the flexor muscles and withdrawal of the limb from the painful stimulus
Describe the withdrawl reflex with reciprocal innervation
reinforces the efficiency.

1. during withdrawl reflex sensory neurons send action potentials from pain receptrs to the spinal cord

2. sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex

3. Collateral branches of the sensory neurons also synapse with inhibitory interneurons that are part of reciprocal innervation

4. The inhibitory interneurons synapse with alpha motor neurons supplying the extensor muscles, causing them to relax and not oppose the flexor muscles of the withdrawl reflex, which are contracting
What is gray matter?
1. Neuronal cell bodies

2. Unmyelinated axons and dendrites of association and motor neurons

3. Neuroglia
What is white matter?
consists of bundles of myelinated axons of sensory, association, and motor neurons called tracts
What are the segments of the spinal cord?
8 cervical
12 Thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral
1 coccygeal
Where does the central canal run and what does it communicate with in the brain?
runs in middle of gray matter the length of the spinal cord

communicates with the 4th ventricle of the brain
Nuclei
The gray matter on each side of the cord is subdivided into regions called horns.
Within the gray matter are clusters of neuronal cell bodies called nuclei (centers);
each nucleus has a specific function
Dorsal horns
sections of the spinal cord gray matter that project dorsally or posteriorly.

contain nuclei that receive SENSORY info from spinal nerves only.

The axons entering the dorsal horns from the dorsal roots are the axons from the nueron cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion
Ventral horns
project ventrally or anteriorly. contain nuclei composed of MOTOR neurons whose axons leave the spinal cord as ventral roots.

Somatic functions only
Lateral horns
found between the dorsal and ventral horns and only in T1-L2 and S2-S4

contain nuclei of MOTOR neurons. The axons of thesee neurons exit via ventral roots

AUTONOMIC motor functions only
What are essential characteristics of a reflex?
Inborn

Unlearned

Unconscious
What is a pathway?
the route followed by a series of nerve impulses from their origin in one part of the body to their arrival elsewhere in the body

specific neuronal circuits and may include only a single synapse (monosynaptic) or more than one (polysynaptic)
Regardless of complexity, what must all reflex arcs include? (5)
1. Receptor

2. Sensory neuron

3. Center of integration

4. Motor neuron

5. Effector
What is a receptor?
distal end of a sensory neuron or an associated sensory structure that responds to a specific stimulus (change in the environment) by initiating a nerve impulse.
What is a Sensory neuron?
passes the nerve impulse generated by the receptor to the axon terminals located within the gray matter of the CNS. It's cell body is located in the dorsal root ganglion.
What is the Center?
region of CNS gray matter where the synapse (s) associated with reflex are located.
What is a Motor neuron?
Impulses triggered by the integrating center are carried by the motor neuron, whose cell body lies within the gray matter, to the part of the body that will respond.
What is the Effector?
muscle or gland stimulated by the motor neuron and which provides the response of the body to the change in the environment that stimulated the receptor in the first place!
What is the endoneurium?
Each individual nerve fiber, either sensory dendrite or motor axon, is surrounded by a connective tissue wrap called this.
What is the perineurium?
Groups of nerve fibers are arranged into fascicles (fasciculi) and each bundle is surrounded by another connective tissue wrap called this
What is the epineurium?
All fascicles of a spinal nerve are bound together by an outermost connective tissue called this.
This layer is a continuation of the dura mater.
What is a dermatome?
skin, except over face and top of the head, is supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the s.c.

All spinal nerves except C1 serve a specific and constant segment of the skin.

The area of skin that provides sensory input to the dorsal roots of one pair of spinal nerves or to one spinal cord segment is a dermatome.
Describe a Crossed Extensor reflex
1. during withdrawal reflex, sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

2. Sensory neurons synapse with exitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex.

3. the excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles, causing withdrawl of the limb

4. Collateral branches of the sensory neurons also synapse with exictatory interneurons that cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord as part of the crossed extensor reflex

5. Excitatory interneurons taht cross the pinal cor stimulate alpha motor neurons supplying extensor muscles in the opposite limb, causing them to contract and support body weight during the withdrawl reflex
What does the dorsal rami innervate?
deep muscles of the dorsal trunk (movement of vertebral column)

connective tissue and skin of midline of back
What does the ventral rami innervate?
intercostal nerves--intercostal muscles and skin of thorax

5 plexuses
What are the 5 plexuses of the ventral rami?
cervical C1-C4

Brachial C5-T1

Lumbar plexus L1-L4

Sacral plexus L4-S4

Coccygeal plexus Co
What dermatomes do the cervical nerves cover?
Head movement
Diaphragm movement
Neck and shoulder movement
Upper limb movement
What dermatomes do the thoracic nerves cover?
Upper limb movement
Rib movement (breathing)
Vertebral movement
Postural back muscles
What dermatomes do the lumbar nerves cover?
Hip movement
Lower limb movement
Discuss spinal cord injury

What are the 2 types of tissue damage?
car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls
cervical or thoracolumbar junction usually

concussion, contusion and laceration

excessive flexion, extension, rotation, compression, bone or disk displacement

1. primary, mechanical damage

2. secondary, tissue damage (ischemia, edema, ion imbalances and excitotoxins (glutamate)
What are some important nerves from the cervical plexus?
Hypoglossal
Accessory
What are some important nerves from the brachial plexus?
Thoracodorsal
Subscapular
Suprascpular
Axillary
Radial
Musculocutaneous
Medial and Lateral Pectoral
Median
Ulnar
Sofferman likes to brach stones
This
Super
Sucks
Ass
Really
Makes
Me
Mad
Ugh
Where is brachial anesthesia administered?
brachial plexus
between the neck and the shoulder posterior to clavicle
What are some nerves from the lumbar plexus?
Femoral
Obturator
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Sciatic
Pudendal Nerve Anesthesia
site of anesthesia for episiotomy
OUCH.
What does the Co plexus innervate?
motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx.
Anesthesia
loss of sensation
Hyperesthesia
abnormal acuteness to sensation (especially pain, pressure or light)
Paresthesia
abnormal spontaneous sensation, such as tingling, prickling or burning
Neuragia
consists of spasms of throbbing or stabbing pain resulting from inflammation or damage along the pathway of a nerve
Sciatica or Ischiadica
neuralgia of sciatic nerve
pain down back of leg and thighj
herniated lumbar disk usually causes it
mechanical injuries or metabolic deficiencies can cause too
Neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
mechanical injury or pressure
viral or bactereial infection
poisoning or vitamin deficiencies
Herpes
virus reside in ganglia of sensory nerves
varicella zoster virus
chicken pox shingles
poliomyelitis
enterovirus
affects motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
paralysis and atrophy
Anesthetic leprosy
bacterial infection of peripheral nerves
anesthesia, paralysis, ulceration and gangrene
Myotonic dystrophy
autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by muscle weakness, dysfunction, and atrophy and by visual impairment as a result of nerve damage
Myasthenia gravis
reduction in number of functioning acetycholine receptors in postsynaptic terminals
fatigue and progressive muscular weakness