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30 Cards in this Set

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1. T or F. Spinal cord extends full length of vertebral column?
False. Early in fetal development, the spinal cord extends the full length of the vertebral column; the vertebral column grows faster, however, so by birth the spinal cord extends only to L3.
2. Name 4 segments of spinal cord starting at superior end?
The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions, which are named for the level of the vertebral column from which the spinal nerves emerge, not the vertebrae that contain the cord.
4. In the inferior cervical region, the cervical enlargement of the cord gives rise to nerves of the upper limbs.
5. In the lumbosacral region, the lumbar enlargement gives rise to nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs.
6. Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the cord tapers to a point called the medullary cone.
7. The lumbar enlargement and medullary cone give rise to a bundle of nerve roots called the cauda equine that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5.
3. Define:
xx
medullary cone-
Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the cord tapers to a point called the medullary cone.
cauda equine-
The lumbar enlargement and medullary cone give rise to a bundle of nerve roots called the cauda equine that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5
4. List layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
The spinal cord and brain are enclosed in three fibrous connective tissue membranes called meninges.
1. The dura mater forms a loose-fitting sleeve called the dural sheath around the spinal cord.
a. The space between the sheath and the vertebral bones, called the epidural space, is occupied by blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue.
b. Anesthetics are sometimes introduced to this space to block pain signals.
2. The arachnoid mater consist of a simple squamous epithelium adhering to the inside of the dura and a loose mesh of fibers spanning the gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
a. This space is called the subarachnoid space and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
b. Inferior to the medullary cone, the subarachnoid space is called the lumbar cistern and is occuplied by the cauda equine and CSF.
3. The pia mater is a delicate, translucent membrane that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord.
a. The pia mater continues beyond the medullary cone as a fibrus strand, the terminal filum, within the lumbar cistern.
b. At the level of S2 it exits the cistern and fuses with the dura mater; they form the coccygeal ligament that anchors the cord and meninges to vertebra Co1.
c. At regular intervals, extensions of the pia called denticulate ligaments extend through the arachnoid to the dura, helping to anchor and stabilize it.
5. Be able to identify the following structures of the spinal cord:
anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, dorsal horns, ventral horns, dorsal columns, ventral columns, lateral columns, dorsal root, ventral root, dorsal root ganglion.
6. Which root of a spinal nerve conducts sensory impulses? Which root conducts motor impulses?
The spinal tracts consist of ascending tracts and descending tracts. (Fig. 13.4) (Table 13.1)
1. Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the cord.
2. Descending tracts conduct motor impulses down to targets.
7. T or F. A spinal nerve contains both sensory & motor neurons bound together w/ connective tissue.
True. (These nerves have somatosensory and motor functions.)
8. Define:
xx
decussation
Several of these tracts undergo decussation, meaning that they cross over from one side of the body to the other side.
contralateral
i. A stroke that damages motor centers of the right side of the brain can cause paralysis of the left limbs, and vice versa.
ii. When the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body, they are said to be contralateral.
ipsalateral
iii. When a tract does not decussate, its fibers are said to be ipsilateral.
9. Are first order, second order and third order neurons components of ascending nerve tracts or descending? What are the functions: 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons?
In the ascending tract, sensory signals typically travel across three neurons from origin in receptors to destinations in sensory areas of the brain.
1st Order neuron-
A first-order neuron detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.
2nd?
A second-order neuron continues as far as the thalamus, a “gateway” at the upper end of the brain stem.
3rd order neuron?
A third-order neuron carries the signal the rest of the way to the cerebral cortex.
10. Are upper & lower motor neurons components of ascending nerve tracts or descdning nerve tracts? What are functions of ea?
In the descending tracts, motor signals are carried from the brainstem in a pathway typically involving two neurons, upper and lower motor neurons.
upper motor neuron
The upper motor neuron begins with a soma in the cerebral cortex of brain stem.
b. The axon of the upper motor neuron terminates on a lower motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord.
lower motor neuron
The axon of the lower motor neuron then innervates the muscle or other targe organ.
Define
Below:
endoneurium
Nerve fibers of the PNS are ensheathed in Schwann cells that form a neurilemma and often a myelin sheath around the axon.
i. External to the neurilemma, each fiber is surrounded by a basal lamina and then a sleeve of loose connective tissue called the endoneurium.
perineurium
Nerve fibers are gathered into bundles called fascicles, each wrapped in a multilayered sheath called the perineurium, which contains up to 20 layers of squamous epithelium–like cells.
epineurium
Several fascicles are then bundled together in an outer epineurium.
fascicle
Nerve fibers are gathered into bundles called fascicles, each wrapped in a multilayered sheath called the perineurium, which contains up to 20 layers of squamous epithelium–like cells.
12. List 5 components of a reflex arc?
. A somatic reflex employs a reflex arc that involves the following pathway.
a. Somatic receptors in the skin, a muscle, or a tendon.
b. Afferent nerve fibers.
c. An integrating center in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem comsisting of one or more interneurons.
d. Efferent nerve fibers.
e. Skeletal muscles.
13. Distinquish betw somatic reflexes and
Somatic reflexes are unlearned skeletal muscle reflexes mediated by the brainstem and spinal cord; they involve the somatic nervous system.
4. A somatic reflex employs a reflex arc that involves the following pathway.
a. Somatic receptors in the skin, a muscle, or a tendon.
b. Afferent nerve fibers.
c. An integrating center in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem comsisting of one or more interneurons.
d. Efferent nerve fibers.
e. Skeletal muscles
14. t or f. Reflexes are voluntary movements?
False
15. t or f. Reflexes can happen without any kind of stimulation?
F. Reflexes. Involuntary stereotyped responses to stimuli involve the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
16. t or f. Reflexes are sterotyped. They produce the same response every time?
Reflexes have four characteristics.
a. They require stimulation—they are responses to sensory input.
b. They are quick—they involve few if any interneurons and minimum synaptic delay.
c. They are involuntary—they occur without intent and often without awareness.
d. They are stereotyped—they occur the same way every time.