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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 causal factors related to speech sound disorders?
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-neurological impairment
-structure of speech mechanism -function of speech mechanism -hearing mechanism |
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What are the causal correlates related to speech sound disorders?
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-cognitive linguistic correlates
-psychosocial correlates |
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What are the variables related to speech sound disorders?
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-causal factors
-causal correlates -phonological differences |
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True or false: Causal correlates of speech sound disorders cause the SSD.
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False; co-exist with it
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What type of diagnosis is needed for a neurological impairment?
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medical (not SLP)
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What are the 3 forms of neurological impairments?
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-at birth
-acquired -degenerative |
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Cerebral Palsy (CP) and static encephalopathy are examples of what type of neurological impairment?
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at birth
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Cerbrovascular Accident (CVA) are examples of what type of neurological impairment?
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acquired
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Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are examples of what type of neurological impairment?
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degenerative
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What is static encephalopathy?
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brain damage - unknown cause
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Dysarthria is a motor planning or neuromuscular control issue?
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neuromuscular control issue
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Apraxia is a motor planning or neuromuscualar control issue?
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motor planning issue
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What is dysarthria?
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-brain impairment can affect impulses sent to muscles to make them move
-abnormalities in subsystems necessary for speech -abnormalities in speech movements |
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What is apraxia?
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-brain impairment can affect the planning needed to execute speech movements
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True or false: One or more systems may be affected in dysarthria.
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True
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What subsystems do dysarthria affect?
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-respiratory
-phonatory -resonatory -articulatory -prosody |
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What effects might you see on the respiratory system for a person with dysarthria?
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forced inhalation/exhalation for speech production
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What effects might you see on the phonatory system for a person with dysarthria?
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-pitch breaks
-mono-pitch -loudness difficulties -harsh/breathy voice -strained voice |
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What effects might you see on the resonatory system for a person with dysarthria?
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-too much air going thru nasal cavity (hypernasal)
-trouble closing off nasal passage (hyponasal) |
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What effects might you see on the articulatory system for a person with dysarthria?
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-imprecise consonant production
-irregular articulation breakdowns -prolonged phonemes (especially vowels) -vowel distortions |
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What effects might you see on prosody for a person with dysarthria?
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-slower rate
-may talk in shorter phrases -reduced stress or excess stress or stress in unnecessary places |
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For dysarthria, what abnormalities in movement might you see?
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-strength (weak lip and tongue)
-speed (slower) -range (limited, can almost reach area) -steadiness (of sound, shakey voice) -tone (firmness of muscles at rest, mouth might hang open, possible drooling) -accuracy (poor control) |
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What are the 6 classifications of dysarthria?
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-flaccid
-spastic -ataxic -hypokinetic -hyperkinetic -mixed |
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What is flaccid dysarthria?
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-related to weakness
-hypotonia -reflexes are not as good |
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What is spastic dysarthria?
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-too much muscle tone
-slower movements -reduced range of motion -reduced force |
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What is ataxic dysarthria?
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-loss of coordination
-reduced tone -inaccuracy in force, range, timing, and direction of speech movements |
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What is hypokinetic dysarthria?
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articulators are very rigid
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What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
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involuntary movements (can be rhythmic or irregular, rapid or slow)
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What is mixed dysarthria?
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may not be clear cut, overlaps of different types of dysarthria
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What is Apraxia of Speech (AOS)?
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-an acquired impairment caused by neurological trauma in left hemisphere
-impaired capacity to plan or program sensoimotor commands to direct speech movements |
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True or false: AOS may be accompanied by oral apraxia.
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True
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True or false: AOS cannot co-exist with dysarthria and/or aphasia.
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False
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What abnormalities might you see in speech production of a person with AOS?
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-articulation (vowel and consonant distortion, lots of substitutions, voicing errors)
-rate and prosody (slower and more effortful speech, variation in vowel length, difficulties with juncture, trouble with inappropriate speech) -fluency (false starts, articulatory grouping, sound and syllable repetitions) |
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What is the difference between AOS and CAS (Childhood Apraxia of Speech)?
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-AOS usually affects adults
-CAS occurs at birth |
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What is CAS also referred to as?
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-Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS)
-Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia (DVD) |
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Why is CAS the preferred label?
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-insurance (doesn't like to cover for things labeled developmental)
-geography (preferred in U.S.) |
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True or false: CAS is not caused by hearing problems, cleft palate, muscle weakness, and/or cognitive impairment.
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True
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What are the etiologies of CAS?
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-neurological etiologies (intra-uteran stroke, intra-uteran infection, intra-uteran trama)
-complex neurobehavioral disorders -some evidence of genetic transmission -idiopathic (unknown cause) |
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Why is CAS difficult to diagnose?
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because there is not validated diagnositc criteria that separates it from other SSD's, and there is lots of overlap
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What is the prevelance of CAS in the population? AND why is there such a large increase in the last decade?
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1-10 in 1,000 children have CAS; earlier diagnosis and likely overdiagnosed
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What is the ratio of males to females with CAS?
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3:1
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True or False: There is a lot research done on CAS.
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False; limited research. hard to define (how do you select participants?). research stuck on diagnosis, not a lot on treatment
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What are the speech characteristics of CAS? (there are TONS....but I have that this is important for the exam)
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-difficulty sequencing articulation movements
-difficulty formulating and executing motor plans for speech -inability to carry out purposeful voluntary speech movements -groping/silent posturing -difficulty wth connected speech -variability in production -inconsistency in production -deletions most common -substitutions might involve 2-3 processes -vowel and diphthong errors are common -unusual errors: metathesis, additions -prosodic impairment -severe unintelligibility (all of these result in CAS) |
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True or False: CAS involves the language domain.
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False; it's a motor disorder, not a language disorder
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True or false: With CAS, there may be accompanied linguistic problems.
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True
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True or false: With CAS, expression is better than comprehension.
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False; comprehension is better
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True or false: Academic problems are common with CAS.
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True
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For CAS, does the IQ range follow the normal distribution?
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Yes
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What is typical of the family history for those with CAS?
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-family history of S-L disorders
-family members share same prosodic markers |
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What occurs with the social skills of those with CAS?
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-some evidence of social withdrawal (difficult to conversate)
-behavioral challenges are common (communicate with behavior, since speech is difficult) |
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What additional neurological involvement may accompany CAS?
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-congenital impairment
-MRI and neuro workups don't show lesions -often see soft neurological signs -may be accompanied by oral apraxia or fine/gross motor challenges |
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What signs are there for oral apraxia associated with CAS?
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-drooling
-trouble with volitional movements -feeding issues |
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What is the prognosis for CAS?
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-slow improvement
-lack of retention/generalization -long program of Tx -difficulties may persist into adulthood |
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What is code mixing?
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use words for one language in the other language (eg. My casa is green.)
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What is code switching?
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being able to switch between one linguistic setting to another
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What will result when someone has a phonological difference and a disorder?
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-reduced intelligibility
-misarticulations in both languages -idiosyncratic pattern usage |
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What are the structures of the speech mechanism?
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-lip
-teeth -tongue -hard and soft palate -nasopharynx |
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With a cleft lip, what type of consonants will be affected?
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bilabials; bottom lip will need to compensate
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What is a Class I malocclusion? AND how does this affect articulation?
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-crooked teeth
-does not affect articulation (there is proper jaw alignment) |
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What is Class II malocclusion?
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-overbite (upper teeth protrude over lower teeth)
-lots of articulation errors because it is hard for the tongue to know placement |
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What is Class III malocclusion?
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underbite (less common, lower jaw outgrows upper jaw)
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What is an open bite? AND describe articulation errors with this issue.
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-front teeth (upper and lower) don't meet together (there is jaw alignment)
-tongue and air come thru front too much -open bites show the most articulation problems |
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What is a closed bite?
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top teeth overlap too much, so the bottom teeth are touching the alveolar ridge (there is jaw alignment)
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What is a cross bite?
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one or more of the top teeth are tucked inside the bottom teeth (there is jaw alignment)
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What is ankyloglossia? AND What function problem does this cause? AND What types of sounds does this affect?
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-frenum is too short
-tongue can't protrude far enough -alveolar and interdental sounds affected |
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What is macroglossia? AND What articulation error does this often produce?
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-tongue is too big for oral cavity (common in Down Syndrome)
-cause lots of interdentalization |
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What is microglossia?
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tongue is too small for oral cavity (not very common)
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Is a cleft of the hard palate likely to affect articulation?
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No
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What articulation issue is associated with cleft of the soft palate?
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-velopharyngeal competence is an issue
--this will produce a hypernasal voice quality which is very hard to correct for the soft palate |
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What is the incidence of cleft of hard/soft palate?
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1/500-1,000
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In the nasopharynx, if the adenoids are too large, what will the outcome be?
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hypernasality
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In the nasopharynx, if the adenoids are removed (too much tissue is taken away), what will the outcome be?
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hyponasality
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True or false: Tongue thrust is normal during infancy.
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True
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What are the types of tongue thrusting? AND describe each.
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-habitual: continue to swallow as they did as an infant
-obligatory: tongue is obligated to come out (tongue is too big, too large of tonsils, etc.) |
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At what phase does tongue thrusting cause the most damage to dentition?
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rest
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What are alternative names for tongue thrusting?
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infantile swallow, reverse swallow, deviant swallow
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What type of activties may lead to habitual tongue thrusting?
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-keep pacifier after 6 months
-sucking on thumb |
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What type of articulation error is produced from tongue thrusting?
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interdentilization
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For oral sensory function (non-speech movements), is treatment provided?
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not currently
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True or false: Diadochokinesis testing can be done with very young children.
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False; their articulation is not proficient enough for this test
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What is the process of the diadochokinesis testing?
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Tell them to say: /pʌ/, /pʌ/,...
Then: /tʌ/, /tʌ/,... Then: /kʌ/, /kʌ/... And finally: /pʌ/, /tʌ/, /kʌ/, /pʌ/, /tʌ/, /kʌ/,... |
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True or false: A hearing loss affects phonological acquisition.
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True
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What is auditory discrimination?
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-being able to discriminate between different sound productions
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There is a ________ (low or high) correlation between normal IQ and articulation.
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low
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There is a ________ (lower or higher) correlation between IQ and articulation in the mentally handicap population.
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higher
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True or false: Children with severe speech sound disorders are more likely to have language problems too.
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True (50 to 75% do)
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True or false: Children with severe SSD's are at a higher risk for academic problems.
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True
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What is the critical age hypothesis?
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If SSD exists after age 6, there is a higher risk of a reading disorder (because they have imprecise representations of sounds)
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What is a strong predictor of literary competence?
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phonological awareness
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True or false: If SSD's are nondevelopmental, the child is more likely to have a reading disorder.
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True
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Why are SSD's and literacy related to one another?
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Because SSD's and language co-occur, and we know language is related to literacy.
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At what age should children have proper articulation in all areas?
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8
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Do males or females develop phonologically first?
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females
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Is the relationship between socioeconomic status and articulation errors strong?
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no, minimal relationship
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What types of sibling make-up show less articulation errors?
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-only child
-oldest child -child with a sibling 8+ years older than them (these children receive more attention from parents) |
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Are there types of personalities that are prone to articulation disorders?
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No
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True or false: A phonological difference is a disorder and needs to be treated.
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False
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For regional/geographical dialectal differences in the U.S., what segment of speech is there the most difference?
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vowels
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For social dialect differences in the U.S., what segment of speech is there the most difference?
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consonants
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True or false: phonological differences are not systematic or highly regular, and they do not cross all liguistic parameters.
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False; they are systematic, highly regular, and they cross all linguistic parameters
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