Speech Science Exam 3/final

Front 1

respiration (bringing in O2 & expelling CO2), protect the airway (during swallowing; coughing), stability/pressure (fix thoracic structure for tasks requiring elevated abdominal pressure like heavy lifting, BMs, childbirth)

Back 1

Vegetative functions of the larynx include: _______________, ________________, & _________________.

Front 2

respiration (bringing in O2 & expelling CO2), protect the airway (during swallowing; coughing), stability/pressure (fix thoracic structure for tasks requiring elevated abdominal pressure like heavy lifting, BMs, childbirth)

Back 2

Vegetative functions of the larynx include: _______________, ________________, & _________________.

Front 3

interarytenoids (transverse & oblique), lateral cricoarytenoid

Back 3

Muscles of adduction & medial compression include: _____________ & ______________.

Front 4

how tightly the VF are adducted

Back 4

Medial compression refers to _______________.

Front 5

Size of posterior glottal chink

Back 5

3mm or less

Front 6

glottal chink, 3, abnormal (breathy), women

Back 6

The small gap between the vocal folds around the area of the arytenoids (posterior) is referred to as the _________ ____________. If the size of this gap is ____ mm or less, it is considered to be normal. Gaps larger than this result in _____________ voice quality. This condition is more common in __________.

Front 7

Longitudinal force of medial compression affects ___________________.

Back 7

Pitch; it's the stretching of vocal folds

Front 8

This muscle is involved in medial compression, but doesn't actually adduct vocal folds.

Back 8

Thyroarytenoids; has role in tensing and relaxing vocal folds

Front 9

Thyroarytenoids

Back 9

The main muscle mass of the vocal folds. Consists of 2 bundles: thyrovocalis (medial bundle, vf tensor) and thyromuscularis (lateral bundle; glottal relaxer).

Front 10

inhale, adduct vocal folds; alveolar/subglottal pressure

Back 10

To set VF into vibration for a sustained "ah", we first ___________ & ____________ __________. Then we begin exhalation controlling ____________________.

Front 11

directly below the VF, greater

Back 11

Subglottal pressure refers to air pressure located ____________. This pressure is ____________ than atmospheric pressure just before exhalation.

Front 12

0, atmospheric

Back 12

During exhalation, pressure in the oral cavity = ____, which is the same as ___________ pressure.

Front 13

increases, medial compression; transglottal pressure difference

Back 13

During exhalation subglottal pressure _____________ to point where it overcomes __________ _____________. This causes inequality between alveolar & subglottal pressure & is referred to as the _________ ___________ ___________.

Front 14

1 cycle of VF vibration; sound source

Back 14

Each repetition of the pattern of VFs blowing apart & being brought back together is ____________________. These movements of the VF cause surrounding air molecules to move, which creates the _________ ___________.

Front 15

125, 250, fundamental frequency

Back 15

The average rate of VF vibration for an adult male is ________ Hz and ___________ Hz for an adult female. This value is also referred to as the ___________ _____________.

Front 16

harmonics

Back 16

The VF vibrate at whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency, known as ______________.

Front 17

sustained (muscles of adduction are constantly active/contracted during phonation), elasticity, Bernoulli effect

Back 17

According to myoelastic aerodynamic theory the 3 reasons the VF come back together during vibration include: _____________ muscular contraction, __________ of the VF, & _____________ ____________.

Front 18

quickly, decrease, negative

Back 18

The Bernoulli effect states that when air passes through a narrow gap, the air moves more _________ which causes a _________ in air pressure within the narrow gap area (glottis). Pressure becomes ____________ which then sucks VF back together. This effect is demonstrated when your car is drawn in toward a tractor-trailer as it passes you OR when the shower curtain gets stuck to your leg in the shower.

Front 19

True

Back 19

T/F: Muscular forces do not cause VF vibration.

Front 20

aerodynamics, elasticity

Back 20

VF vibration is caused by __________ at the larynx & _________ of the VF.

Front 21

aerodynamic forces, Bernoulli effect

Back 21

________ _________ (at the larynx) blow VF apart & this contributes to bringing them back together as a result of the __________ ___________.

Front 22

greater, greater medial compression (& greater subglottal pressure)

Back 22

In order to generate a louder voice we contract LCA & IA with _________ force to create _________ ________ __________.

Front 23

less, less

Back 23

In order to generate a softer voice we contract LCA & IA with _________ force to create _________ medial compression (subglottal pressure).

Front 24

length, mass, tension

Back 24

The frequency of VF vibration depends on the complex relationship of the _______, ________, and _________ of the VF.

Front 25

abduct, fix the arytenoids so they don't rock forward

Back 25

Posterior cricoarytenoids (PCA) contract to __________ the VF and also to ____________.

Front 26

cover, body

Back 26

The VF are comprised of 2 layers: ________ & _________.

Front 27

stiffness, patterns

Back 27

Contraction of different laryngeal muscles changes the relative ________ of the 2 VF layers & results in different _________ of VF vibration (e.g. folds move more as a unit for higher frequency)

Front 28

inferior

Back 28

During VF vibration subglottal pressure causes the ________ part of the VF to come apart 1st.

Front 29

mucosal traveling wave, inferior, inferior, superior

Back 29

During vibratory cycle of VF, the VF move in a _________ ___________ _____________ with _________ part of VF moving apart (separating) first and the _________ part preceding the _______ part when VF come back together.

Front 30

False

Back 30

T/F: We are able to see the inferior margins separate during VF vibration by using a scope to view the VF.

Front 31

slower, lower, greater

Back 31

Greater mass contributes to _________ VF movement. This results in a ________ frequency. Greater mass also needs _________ force to stop or start movement.

Front 32

faster, more, faster

Back 32

High amounts of stiffness contributes to ___________ VF movement. ______ force is required to initiate movement, but the structure returns to it's original position ______ when there is greater stiffness.

Front 33

slower, lower

Back 33

An individual with longer VF will have a _______ rate of vibration resulting in a _______ frequency.

Front 34

increase, decreased, increased

Back 34

Within an individual: when you increase the length of the VF you ________ the rate of VF vibration. This is because you've ________ mass (over a given area) & ________ stiffness.

Front 35

cricothyroid, thyroarytenoids

Back 35

Muscles which contribute to changing the fundamental frequency include: ____________ & _____________.

Front 36

lengthen, increasing, decreasing, increases

Back 36

Cricothyroid acts to __________ VF thus __________ tension & _________ mass, which __________ Fo.

Front 37

rock arytenoids forward, shorter, increase, decreases, CT (cricothyroid), PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid- tiny bit), increased, increases

Back 37

When thyroarytenoids (thyrovocalis & thyromuscularis) contract they ________ ________ __________. If they are unopposed, this contributes to making VF _______ & _______ mass, which _______ Fo. With opposition (from _____ & _____), this contributes to ______ tension, which ________ Fo.

Front 38

perceptual, optimal, habitual

Back 38

Pitch is a __________ measure. _________ pitch refers to what you should use & ________ pitch refers to what you do use all of the time.

Front 39

T

Back 39

T/F: Optimal pitch & habitual pitch do not always match.

Front 40

loudness, subglottal, 2-3, 15-20

Back 40

The perceptual measure of intensity is ________. _________ pressure increases with increased intensity. Soft speech occurs with approx _______ cm H2O pressure & loud speech occurs with approx _______ cm H2O pressure.

Front 41

medial compression, increases, more, overcome resistance

Back 41

_________ __________ increases with increased intensity. This _________ resistance of VF, which in turn means that ______ subglottal pressure is needed to ___________ ___________.

Front 42

LCA, IA

Back 42

Muscles that change intensity due to increasing medial compression of VF include: ________ & _________.

Front 43

muscles of inhalation & exhalation

Back 43

Muscles that change intensity due to increasing subglottal pressure of VF include: ________ & _________.

Front 44

suprasegmentals

Back 44

Speaking rate, pitch, intonation, stress, & rhythm are all examples of ____________.

Front 45

The cover of the vocal folds

Back 45

Mucosa and epithelium. It's near the surface of the folds; the pink inside the mouth. Keeps mouth moist. Analogous to lips (vermilion border, epithelium)

Front 46

The body of the vocal folds

Back 46

Deeper in the folds; vocal ligament and muscle (thyroarytenoids). Analogous to muscle underneath cover of lips

Front 47

Contraction of different laryngeal muscles changes relative __________ of the cover and body of the vocal folds.

Back 47

Stiffness

Front 48

Higher

Back 48

The vocal folds move more as a unit for ________________ frequencies.

Front 49

1 cycle of vocal fold vibration

Back 49

Inhale; adduct vf (medial compression); begin to exhale; subglottal pressure increases; if pressure overcomes medial compression a puff of air escapes between vfs; folds smack back together

Front 50

During vocal fold vibration, ___________ pressure is greater than __________ pressure.

Back 50

Subglottal; supraglottal. Subglottal pressure gets built up behind vocal folds then rushes out when medial compression is overcome

Front 51

Average rate of vibratory cycle for adult male

Back 51

125 Hz

Front 52

Average rate of vibratory cycle for adult female

Back 52

250 Hz

Front 53

According to the Bernoulli principle, the velocity of airflow __________ as it passes through the glottis.

Back 53

Increases

Front 54

During vocal fold vibration, the volume of air flow is _____________.

Back 54

Constant; flow from lungs

Front 55

Air flowing out of the lungs, through the glottis, results in ______________ pressure between the vocal folds; and because there's ______ pressure, the vocal folds suck back together.

Back 55

Negative; less

Front 56

After exhalation and after airflow overcomes medial compression, supraglottal pressure _______________.

Back 56

Increases

Front 57

After exhalation and after airflow overcomes medial compression, subglottal pressure ____________.

Back 57

Decreases (all of the air is leaving the lungs)

Front 58

Muscular forces bring vocal folds together and maintain _________________________, but they do not cause _______________.

Back 58

Medial compression; vf vibration

Front 59

Mucosal traveling wave

Back 59

Inferior to superior movement of mucosa (ALWAYS!). When vfs are blown apart, the inferior margin separates before the superior margins. When vfs come back together, the inferior margin precedes the superior margin

Front 60

Properties of vocal folds

Back 60

Mass, length, tension

Front 61

Physical properties of nature that affect vocal fold vibration

Back 61

Force of vf coming together; elasticity of vf, and airflow/pressure of forces. Aka, myoelastic dynamic theory

Front 62

The _______ the mass of vf, the faster the vf vibration.

Back 62

Smaller

Front 63

The __________ the mass, the more force required to move them.

Back 63

Larger

Front 64

Tension refers to the __________ of the vocal folds.

Back 64

Stiffness or resistance to movement

Front 65

High stiffness means more _______ is required to begin movement.

Back 65

Force

Front 66

With high stiffness of vocal folds, the structure will return to its original position _____________.

Back 66

Faster

Front 67

______________ stiffness of vocal folds means the vocal folds will vibrate faster.

Back 67

Increased or high

Front 68

The __________ the vocal folds, the lower the frequency of vibration.

Back 68

Longer

Front 69

As one ___________ the length of vocal folds, the _________________ increases.

Back 69

Increases, rate of vibration

Front 70

Increased length of vocal folds results in...

Back 70

decreased mass or bulk (vf are stretched thin), increased stiffness, and therefore faster rate of vibration

Front 71

The "myo" in the myoelastic dynamic theory refers to....

Back 71

Muscular forces that bring the vocal folds together and maintain medial compression

Front 72

The "elastic" in the myoelastic dynamic theory refers to...

Back 72

The stretchy or springy characteristic of vocal folds. When displaced, they snap back together and to original position

Front 73

The "dynamic" in the myoelastic dynamic theory refers to...

Back 73

The aerodynamics and motion of the air involved in vf vibration. The aerodynamic forces blow vf apart and contribute to bringing them back together (Bernouilli effect)

Front 74

Muscles involved in frequency change

Back 74

Cricothyroid and thryoarytenoids (thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis)

Front 75

With opposition between the ________________ and ________________, there's increased vf tension in all directions, resulting in increased F0.

Back 75

Cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

Front 76

During phonation of sustained /a/, the supraglottal pressure is __________ and the subglottal pressure is at least ____________.

Back 76

0cm H2O; 2-3cm H2O

Front 77

During sustained /a/, vocal fold vibration stops due to contraction of _______________________.

Back 77

Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

Front 78

Role of cricothyroid muscle in vf vibration

Back 78

Lengthen vocal folds, thus increasing tension and decreasing thickness. This increases the fundamental frequency (F0)

Front 79

Role of thyroarytenoids in vf vibration

Back 79

Unopposed, they make the vocal folds shorter and bulkier (more mass), thus decreasing F0

Front 80

Vocal folds cause ________________ to airflow from lungs.

Back 80

Resistance

Front 81

If laryngeal resistance increases and you want to maintain the amount of air flow coming from lungs, you need to __________ alveolar pressure.

Back 81

Increase

Front 82

If laryngeal resistance decreases and the alveolar pressure stays constant, what happens to the airflow?

Back 82

It decreases

Front 83

Ohm's Law

Back 83

Airflow = Pressure/Resistance

Front 84

Muscle Tension Dysphonia

Back 84

Involves increased laryngeal resistance. If the alveolar pressure is constant, the flow decreases and the person cannot overcome medial compression. Lots of alveolar pressure is needed. When pt's begin to speak, their muscles are too tense and they sound really tight or throttled. Air flow is not normal. The pt needs to coordinate speech with their breathing

Front 85

Vocal fold paralysis

Back 85

Usually just one vf is flaccid, doing nothing, so the vf are too flexible and moving too much. This causes decreased laryngeal resistance. If alveolar pressure is constant, flow will increase and the person will sound very breathy because so much air is flowing out of lungs. To keep the flow constant, the person needs to decreased alveolar pressure (use less air from lungs)

Front 86

Subglottal pressure is directly related to amount of _____________________.

Back 86

Medial compression which is what keeps the air from flowing out of subglottal area into supraglottal area. If poor medial compression, air leaks and the subglottal pressure decreases

Front 87

Subglottal pressure (Psg) must be at least ______ cm H2O great than atmospheric pressure (0cmH2O) for folds to vibrate.

Back 87

2-3

Front 88

Normal conversational loudness

Back 88

7cmH2O

Front 89

For a louder voice, you need more __________; thus ____________________ increases for greater requirement of subglottal pressure.

Back 89

Airflow; medial compression

Front 90

For a softer voice, you need _______ airflow and ____________ medial compression for a lower requirement of __________.

Back 90

Less; decreased; subglottal pressure

Front 91

If subglottal pressure equals supraglottal pressure, what's happening?

Back 91

Vocal fold vibration stops; just breathing

Front 92

Subglottal pressure ___________ with increasing intensity.

Back 92

Increases

Front 93

Medial compression ___________ with increasing intensity.

Back 93

Increases

Front 94

Muscles that change intensity of voice

Back 94

Lateral cricoarytenoids (LCA) and interarytenoids IA (trasnverse and oblique).

Front 95

Why do LCA and IA change intensity of voice?

Back 95

They increase medial compression of vocal folds; they adduct vocal folds

Front 96

We must __________ and ________ voice and speech to determine where a disorder is occurring.

Back 96

Measure and visualize

Front 97

Types of measurements of voice and speech

Back 97

Aerodynamic and acoustic

Front 98

Means by which to visualize voice and speech

Back 98

Endoscopy, stroboscope, high speed, slow motion

Front 99

WHat do aerodynamic measurements measure?

Back 99

Airflow, air pressure, airway resistance

Front 100

What does airflow refer to?

Back 100

Amount of air flowing through a particular area; air coming from the respiratory tract

Front 101

What does air pressure refer to?

Back 101

Amount of force exerted on an area; alveolar, supraglottal, subglottal

Front 102

What does airway resistance refer to?

Back 102

Amount of opposition to airflow; resistance from respiratory tract

Front 103

We use _______________ to help determine how to measure aerodynamics of voice and speech.

Back 103

Ohm's law

Front 104

If we want to increase air pressure, ________ will increase.

Back 104

Airflow

Front 105

If we want to decrease air pressure, airflow will __________.

Back 105

Decrease

Front 106

If we want to increase airway resistance, airflow will ____________.

Back 106

Decrease

Front 107

If we want to decrease airway resistance, airflow will ______________.

Back 107

Increase

Front 108

If we want to increase airway resistance, but want to keep airflow equal, air pressure will _____________.

Back 108

Increase

Front 109

If we want to increase laryngeal resistance and maintain air pressure, we will ________ airflow.

Back 109

Decrease

Front 110

To measure airflow during speech, we must measure how _________ is the airflow in relation to amount of ___________.

Back 110

Efficient, time

Front 111

Formula to measure efficiency of speech airflow

Back 111

Flow = ΔVolume / Δ time

Front 112

Average normal airflow for sustained phonation

Back 112

167 mL/sec

Front 113

Range of normal airflow for sustained phonation

Back 113

75-270 mL/sec

Front 114

Airflow with breathy voice

Back 114

300 mL/sec

Front 115

Laryngeal resistance = (form of Ohm's law)

Back 115

subglottal pressure / airflow

Front 116

Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS)

Back 116

Measures speech indirectly via airflow, subglottal pressure, laryngeal resistance

Front 117

PAS measures intraoral pressure in ____________________ to estimate alveolar/subglottal pressure

Back 117

Voiceless stop gap

Front 118

Why does the PAS measure pressure in a voiceless stop gap?

Back 118

The release burst indicates what the pressure is behind the glottis

Front 119

Acoustic Measurements

Back 119

Fundamental frequency, intensity, amount of noise, cepstral measurements

Front 120

How we measure acoustic parameters of voice and speech

Back 120

Praat, Visipitch, MDVP (multidimensional voice program)

Front 121

To measure acoustic parameters F0 and intensity in Praat, we look at the ____________________ and ____________________.

Back 121

Bottom formant; darkness of bands

Front 122

When measuring acoustic characteristics of "noise" in voice and speech, the qualitative aspects include _________________________.

Back 122

Aperiodic vs periodic noise

Front 123

Quantitative measure of noise perturbation in voice (perception of abnormal voice quality, i.e., hoarseness)

Back 123

Jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR)

Front 124

Jitter

Back 124

Deviation from true periodicity of presumed periodic signal; measures aperiodicity

Front 125

Jitter measures _____________________ change in fundamental frequency.

Back 125

Cycle to cycle

Front 126

When there's lots of deviation from presumed periodic, the jitter value is _____________.

Back 126

High

Front 127

Normal range for jitter values

Back 127

0.5 to 1.0% variation

Front 128

Shimmer

Back 128

Relates to the amplitude variation of the sound wave

Front 129

____________ is correlated with amount of noise in the voice or breathiness.

Back 129

Shimmer

Front 130

Shimmer of greater than ________ is pathological.

Back 130

3%

Front 131

To maintain amplitude, _______ and _________ should remain the same.

Back 131

Pitch and intensity (volume)

Front 132

Noise to harmonics ratio (NHR)

Back 132

Ratio between the periodic and aperiodic components of voice and speech

Front 133

Voice quality with low NHR will sound _______ and _____________.

Back 133

Weak and breathy

Front 134

If noise to harmonics ratio is less than __________, voice will sound pathological.

Back 134

7dB

Front 135

________ and ___________ measurements are not the most reliable or valid.

Back 135

Jitter, shimmer

Front 136

Jitter and shimmer measurements are ______-based and rely on _____________ to determine measurements.

Back 136

Time; vibratory cycles

Front 137

A more reliable and valid measurement of voice and speech is _________________.

Back 137

Cepstral Analysis

Front 138

Cepstral analysis

Back 138

Newer analysis; not based on time but on amplitude of signal and noise in signal. Uses spectrums, logarithm transformations, and Fourier analysis to calculate.

Front 139

Types of laryngeal imaging

Back 139

Flexible nasal endoscopy; rigid transoral endoscopy; video stroboscopy; high speed laryngoscopy

Front 140

Nasal endoscopy

Back 140

Spaghetti-like tube with camera on end. Fiber-optics with controller to slip tube through nose down into laryngeal inlet to see larynx for a bird's eye view

Front 141

Goal of nasal endoscopy

Back 141

Visualization of vocal fold (muscle) movement; medial compression

Front 142

Rigid Transoral endoscopy

Back 142

Rigid scope w/ camera on end goes into mouth. Clinician holds pt's tongue, puts rod to back of mouth w/ stroboscope camera on end to look down at larynx

Front 143

Vocal folds move too fast for human eye to see, at about ________________Hz.

Back 143

~100-300 times/sec

Front 144

Stroboscopy

Back 144

Specialized instrument/type of light to examine rapid vf vibration. Allows slow motion viewing and analysis of vf vibration. Flashes light at fixed intervals (strobe light) which creates an illusion of several successive vibratory cycles (glottic wave). Illusion of slow motion.

Front 145

Stroboscope must flash at different __________ of vibration or the vf will appear to be motionless.

Back 145

Phase

Front 146

Stroboscope is used to evaluate influence of __________, ____________, and ___________ on vocal fold vibration.

Back 146

Length, mass, tension

Front 147

Stroboscope evaluates __________, ______________, and ___________ of vocal fold vibration.

Back 147

Symmetry, periodicity, amplitude

Front 148

Symmetry of vf vibration refers to....

Back 148

Similarity in movement between the two vocal folds

Front 149

Periodicity of vocal fold vibration refers to...

Back 149

Regularity of vibratory cycles

Front 150

Amplitude of vocal fold vibration refers to...

Back 150

Extent of movement of vocal folds; how much they vibrate

Front 151

High speed stroboscopy

Back 151

Freeze frames components and plays back in slow motion. Actual slow motion

Front 152

current, voltage/resistance, air flow, alveolar pressure/airway resistance

Back 152

Ohm's law states that _______= _______/_________. In terms of VF resistance this implies that ___________=__________/___________.

Front 153

alveolar pressure

Back 153

If laryngeal resistance increases you must increase _____________ in order to maintain air flow.

Front 154

medial compression

Back 154

Laryngeal resistance is caused by ________________.

Front 155

decrease

Back 155

If laryngeal resistance increases and alveolar pressure stays constant, airflow will ________________.

Front 156

50

Back 156

If air flow=5 and laryngeal resistance=10, what is the alveolar pressure?

Front 157

5

Back 157

If alveolar pressure is 75 and resistance is 15, what is the air flow?

Front 158

2-3, medial compression, transglottal pressure difference

Back 158

Subglottal pressure must be, at a minimum, ____ cm H2O greater than atmospheric pressure (which is 0) for the VF to vibrate (overcome _________ _________). This is known as the ____________ __________ __________.

Front 159

VF vibration stops

Back 159

If subglottal pressure= supraglottal pressure, what happens?

Front 160

there is no transglottal pressure difference, VF are abducted

Back 160

VF will stop vibrating if: _______________ OR _______________.

Front 161

increase, decrease, more, constant

Back 161

If a patient has spasmodic dysphonia, laryngeal resistance will ______________. This means that air flow will _________ so _____ alveolar pressure is needed to keep air flow _________.

Front 162

decrease, increase, less, breathy

Back 162

If a patient has VF paralysis, laryngeal resistance will ________. This means that air flow will _________ so _____ alveolar pressure is needed to keep the air flow constant. This patient will have a _________ voice quality.

Front 163

active, PCA, abduction

Back 163

________ cessation occurs when these muscles contract during voiced consonants: _____________ This results in _____________.

Front 164

passive, stops, intraoral, equal to, during stop gap, VF vibration stops since there is no transglottal pressure difference

Back 164

________ cessation is related to aerodynamics (not muscle contraction). This occurs during VL consonants, especially ________, when supraglottal (aka: _________) pressure may end up ________ subglottal pressure. When would this occur & why?

Front 165

they are less, burst release will be less substantial

Back 165

If there is incomplete closure (constriction) during a stop, what happens to the pressure peaks? why?

Front 166

pinch patient's nose (to prevent air leakage through the velopharyngeal port)

Back 166

What can be done to increase intraoral pressure when measuring dynamic intraoral air pressure?

Front 167

laryngeal resistance, source, stop gap, subglottal pressure.

Back 167

Dynamic intraoral pressure measurements are useful to determine _______________. This is a _________ characteristic. We can do this by measuring intraoral pressure during the ______ ________ in order to estimate ______________.

Front 168

laryngeal resistance, respiratory system, lip closure, velopharyngeal port closure

Back 168

Intraoral pressure can be used to determine information about both source & filter characteristics including: __________, _________ __________, ________ ____________ & ______________ _______ _________.

Front 169

intraoral pressure, less (2-3cm H20)

Back 169

When reading the intraoral pressure measurements: if the the only problem is with the respiratory system we will see that _______________ is _______.

Front 170

maximum intraoral air pressure, 5cm for 5s

Back 170

2 nonspeech methods that can be used to take air pressure measurements include: _____________________.

Front 171

lip closure & velopharyngeal port are working correctly

Back 171

If we use nonspeech tasks to measure air pressure, what must we assume about the patient?

Front 172

a tracheal puncture

Back 172

A direct measure that can be used to assess subglottal pressure is ____________.

Front 173

dynamic intraoral pressure task

Back 173

An indirect measure that can be used to assess subglottal pressure is _________.

Front 174

air pressure, digital signal on computer, airflow transducer, microphone, pressure transducer

Back 174

The function of a pressure transducer is to transform __________ into ____________. The transducer is comprised of 3 components: _________, _________, & _________.

Front 175

laryngeal resistance, airflow, alveolar pressure

Back 175

Because of Ohm's law we can solve for __________ after determining the values for __________ and __________ via pressure transducer measurements.

Front 176

abducted, increase, closed, 7, 0

Back 176

During a VL stop /p/ the VF are ________. This causes an __________ in pressure in the oral cavity b/c the lips are _________. The intraoral pressure becomes ____ cm H20 before the release burst. After the release burst the pressure returns to ___ cm H20.

Front 177

airflow

Back 177

__________ is defined as the movement of a quantity of gas through a given area in a unit of time.

Front 178

mL/s

Back 178

airflow is measured in ______.

Front 179

pneumotachograph, digital signal on computer

Back 179

A ________ transducer converts airflow into ________________.

Front 180

Using stroboscopy, SLPs evaluate ___________, __________, and _____________.

Back 180

Symmetry, periodicity, amplitude

Front 181

3 components of vocal fold vibration include:

Back 181

Muscle contraction, vocal fold elasticity, aerodynamics

Front 182

What needs to be done for an individual to increase F0?

Back 182

Increase length, decrease mass, increase tension

Front 183

What needs to be done for an individual to decrease F0?

Back 183

Decrease length, increase mass, decrease tension

Front 184

Velopharyngeal incompetence may sound _________________.

Back 184

Hypernasal

Front 185

If there is velopharyngeal incompetence, __________ won't build up. To check VP incompetence, one can do what?

Back 185

Pressure. Pinch the nose, if the pressure begins to build, there is VP incompetence, allowing air to leak into nasal cavity which prevents air pressure build up

Front 186

During a sustained /a/, intraoral pressure is ____________ in relation to atmospheric pressure?

Back 186

Equal (at 0 cm H2O)

Front 187

To measure subglottal pressure, use _________________ (type of speech sound) for an indirect measure.

Back 187

Voiceless stop gap.

Front 188

During a voiceless stop gap, measure ____________ during vowel and measure ________________ during (voiceless) stop gap.

Back 188

Airflow; intraoral pressure

Front 189

If pt has muscle tension dysphonia, they may have ______ airflow, around 70mL/sec. Average airflow ranges from __________________mL/sec.

Back 189

Low; 150-170

Front 190

During muscle tension dysphonia...

Back 190

Not enough air is coming out, phonation duration is longer, there's too much medial compression, intraoral pressure = 0cmH2O

Front 191

If one vocal fold is paralyzed...

Back 191

More air is coming out (250-300mL/s), phonation duration will be shorter (run out of breath quicker)

Front 192

During production of maximally sustained phonation, a pt with vocal fold paralysis (but normal respiratory system) will have a ______________ phonation duration.

Back 192

Shorter (air will be used up more quickly)

Front 193

During voiced stop consonant, vocal folds may stop vibrating due to muscle contraction or no transglottal pressure difference?

Back 193

No transglottal pressure difference

Front 194

During voiceless stop consonant, vocal folds stop vibrating due to muscle contraction or no transglottal pressure difference?

Back 194

Muscle contraction (abduction)

Front 195

When vf vibrate irregularly, the periodicity of vibration is not as regular as it should be. This can be quantified by observing the _____________.

Back 195

Jitter

Front 196

When vfs vibrate irregularly, the amplitude of vibration (how much vfs are displaced when they vibrate) is not regular. This can be quantified by observing the ____________.

Back 196

Shimmer

Front 197

Anytime there's a mass on vfs, vibration will _________________________.

Back 197

Be irregular (increased mass)

Front 198

Average airflow is measured during which part of speech?

Back 198

Exhalation

Front 199

Airflow of 100mL/s for 10 secs = ?

Back 199

1000mL/s

Front 200

We measure airflow and intraoral pressure to measure what?

Back 200

Resistance

Front 201

Intraoral pressure equals _______ cmH2O during /a/.

Back 201

0

Front 202

We use voiceless stops to measure intraoral pressure so that the vocal folds are ______________.

Back 202

Abducted

Front 203

Measure maximum _________ during ___________________ which gives us an estimate of Psg during sustained vowel.

Back 203

Intraoral pressure; voiceless stop gap

Front 204

Airflow equals ______ during stop gap.

Back 204

0 cmH2O

Front 205

There is a spike in _____________ during burst release of voiceless stop.

Back 205

Airflow

Front 206

During /papapa/, the airflow is normal, at 150 mL/s during _____________.

Back 206

The vowel (/a/)

Front 207

U-tube manometer

Back 207

Measures air pressure. Blow into one end, the air displaces the fluid a certain # of cm's.

Front 208

Air flow should be zero during _______________.

Back 208

Stop gap

Front 209

If there is spirintization, airflow will be _________ than zero.

Back 209

Greater

Front 210

There will be ________ pressure during stop gap if vp port doesn't close completely.

Back 210

Low

Front 211

If there is air coming out through the nasal cavity, we may hear noise that sounds like _____________.

Back 211

Frication

Front 212

Muscles that elevate the tongue

Back 212

Palatoglossus and styloglossus (both extrinsic tongue muscles)

Front 213

Palatoglossus muscle is affected by which cranial nerve?

Back 213

CN X, vagus; pharyngeal branch

Front 214

Styloglossus muscle is affected by which cranial nerve?

Back 214

CNXII, hypoglossal

Front 215

Muscles that open/close vp port

Back 215

Superior constrictor (muscle of pharynx) and levator veli palatini (muscle of soft palate)

Front 216

Superior constrictor muscle is affected by which cranial nerve?

Back 216

CN IX, glossopharyngeal

Front 217

Levator veli palatini muscle is affected by which cranial nerve?

Back 217

CN X, vagus; pharyngeal branch (superior branch)

Front 218

What non speech task can estimate how the respirtaory system is working?

Back 218

5cm H2O for 5 seconds

Front 219

_____________ is the minimum for being able to communicate

Back 219

5cm H2O for 5 sec

Front 220

5cm H2O for 5 s can be measured using what methods?

Back 220

U-tube manometer, pressure transducer, or have pt blow large bubbles into a glass with a straw for 5 sec

Front 221

When checking speech capabilities using pressure transducer/u tube manomter, if the value is low, it could indicate a problem with what?

Back 221

respiratory system, vp port, nasal cavity, lips, oral cavity, larynx, articulators

Front 222

If you suspect air is leaking through pt's lips, have pt produce ___________, watch/listen for _____________, and observe how strong the ________ is.

Back 222

Bilabial stop; spirintization; burst release

Front 223

Flow = ? / ?

Back 223

ΔVolume / Δtime

Front 224

Normal airflow range

Back 224

150-170 mL/s

Front 225

Breathy airflow

Back 225

250mL/s

Front 226

Volume = ? X ?

Back 226

Flow X time

Front 227

Airflow for a sustained /a/ is 200mL/s, pt sustains phonation for 10 sec. What is the volume?

Back 227

Volume = flow X time:v= 200mL/sec X 10 secv= 2000 mL

Front 228

A pt uses (breathes out/expels) 2L of air during sustained phonation which lasts for 10 sec. What is average airlfow?

Back 228

Volume = flow X time2L = f X 10 sec2L -> 2000mL2000mL/10 sec200mL/sec = flow

Front 229

Lots of ______________ allows less air out, so one can hold phonation longer.

Back 229

Medial compression

Front 230

Device that measures airflow, includes mask that sits over mouth/nose

Back 230

Pneumotachograph

Front 231

There should be ___________ inhalation/exhalation during swallowing.

Back 231

No

Front 232

Respibands

Back 232

Strain gauge system: 1 around chest wall, 1 around abdomen. Measures charactersitics of respiration without encumbering oral cavity

Front 233

Can use _______ in nose to see if pt is taking air in or holding breath during swallowing.

Back 233

Canula

Front 234

Drawbacks of using canula to check breathing during swallowing?

Back 234

No seal for the nares

Front 235

"Speech is movement made audible." What moves during speech?

Back 235

Respiratory system, larynx, ribs, lungs, vocal folds, vp port, oral cavity

Front 236

At resting position, the velum is __________ and th vp port is open.

Back 236

Lowered

Front 237

To close the vp port, you need _____________.

Back 237

Muscle contraction

Front 238

If you put a mirror under the nares and it fogs during a totally oral sound, it indicates what?

Back 238

There's a leakage through the vp port

Front 239

Nasometer measures ________________ by placing a plate under the nose with a mic on top and underneath.

Back 239

Nasalance score (acoustic energy)

Front 240

Using a nasometer, a totally oral sound will reach which mic?

Back 240

The bottom or oral mic

Front 241

Using a nasometer, if there is noise during a totally oral sound or if it's a nasal sound, it will reach which mic?

Back 241

The top or nasal mic

Front 242

Loud voice increases the ________ and ___________.

Back 242

Intensity; pressure

Front 243

Soft voice _________ intensity, _________ pressure.

Back 243

Decreases; decreases

Front 244

Breathy voice increases __________.

Back 244

Airflow

Front 245

Strained voice decreases ________.

Back 245

Airflow

Front 246

If a child has a severe hearing loss but normal speech tract, their speech is very ___________ because they can't hear to know/learn to close the _________.

Back 246

Hypernasal; vp port

Front 247

What tool can help a child with a severe hearing loss but normal speech tract measure and remedy their speech?

Back 247

Nasometer

Front 248

Electropalatography (EPG)

Back 248

Plastic palate w/ sensors on it

Front 249

Why is EPG not a common tool?

Back 249

It's very expensive because it must be custom made to each individual

Front 250

How does EPG work?

Back 250

Palate w/ sensors on it is placed on pt's palate, pt can look at a screen and see when tongue makes contact w/ palate. gives feedback about speech and tongue placement when tongue is contacting palate.

Front 251

When you release artciulatory constriction for normal stop consonatn, the intraoral pressure ____________ and airflow _________.

Back 251

Decreases, increases

Front 252

Measuring airflow, if there's a leak, it could be in ___________ or ____________, this can be checked by pinching the __________.

Back 252

Nose/vp port/nasal cavity; lips/mouth/oral cavity, nose/nares

Front 253

VisiPitch

Back 253

Voice measure, now computerized, displays time on X axis, and f0 or dB on yaxis

Front 254

VisiPitch allows SLPs to look at a pt's speech characteristics, such as ________, ___________, and/or _________.

Back 254

Pitch (f0), loudness (dB), duration (time)

Front 255

Suprasegmental

Back 255

Element of speech, namely prosody which involves the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech.

Front 256

If _______________ are not used during speech, listeners may have trouble understanding the important cues of speech indicating question, end of sentence, etc.

Back 256

Suprasegmentals

Front 257

Electromyography (EMG)

Back 257

Records electrical activity on muscles when they contract

Front 258

EMG helps to analze what?

Back 258

Muscle activity for speech/swallowing and if the muscles are functioning appropriately

Front 259

SLPs train pt's to raise larynx for longer duration until bolus of food can go down, how can EMG help during this training?

Back 259

Electrodes on the msucles from the bottom of the mandible down to the larynx allow analysis of muscle function

Front 260

Components of EMG

Back 260

Surface electrodes, needle electrodes, signal processing (linear envelope of acitivty showing amp (mV) vs. time).

Front 261

IOPI (Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument)

Back 261

Handheld device with air-filled bulb attached to pressure sensor. Put bulb in oral cavity, tell pt to push up w/ tongue on bulb

Front 262

Using the IOPI, what does the SLP want to measure while the pt pushes up w/ tongue on the bulb?

Back 262

Force; can be tongue force or lip force (depending on what the goal is)

Front 263

Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA)

Back 263

Reseach-based toold used to undestand movement of speech structures inside the oral cavity using a cube with magnetic field and putting sensors on pt's speech structures. Shows movement trajectories; gives feedback to help w/ speech production