Speech And Sound Development And Disorders

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Behavioral theory

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• explanation of speech sound acquisition is based on conditional and learning
• Behaviorism focuses on describing observable and overt behaviors
• Emphasizes that the child develops the adult-like speech of his or her community through interactions with the caregiver
  

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Structural theory

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phonological development follows an innate, universal, and hierarchical order of acquisition of distinctive features

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Natural Phonology theory

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stampe: natural phonological processes are innate processes that simplify the adult target word. Children learn to suppress processes that do not occur in their languages

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Generative Phonology theory

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Phonological descriptions are dependent on information from other linguistic levels. Phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations

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Linear vs. Nonlinear phonology theories

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• Based on the premise that all speech segments are arranged in a sequential order, all sound segments have equal value, and that all distinctive features are equal.
• Linear- characterized by rules that operate domain of linear strings of segments.
• Nonlinear- account for the influence of stress and tone features in levels of representation independent of segmental or linear representation.
  

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Between 4&6 months

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the epiglottis and velum grow further apart and the infant become capable of producing a greater variety of sounds

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Gliding

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• a liquid consonant is produced as a glide
  
• /w/ for /r/

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Velar fronting

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an alveolar or a dental replaces a velar; usually in initial position (ti/ki)

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Stopping

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a fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop - pan for fan

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Depalatization

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substitution of an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate or substitution of an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative - fit for fish

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Affrication

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affricate is produced in place of a fricative - joar for door

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Deaffrication

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a fricative replaces an affricate - ships for chips

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Backing

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a posteriorly placed consonant is produced instead of an anteriorly placed consonant - gog for dog

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Glottal replacement

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a glottal stop is produced in place of other consonants

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Assimilation Processes - Reduplication

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a child repeats a pattern

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Assimilation Processes - Regressive assimilation

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influence of a later occurring sound on an earlier sound. (”guck”/”duck”)

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Assimilation Processes - Progressive assimilation

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an earlier occurring sound influences a later occurring sound. (“kick”/”kiss”)

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Assimilation Processes - voicing

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devoicing or voicing

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Unstressed or weak syllable deletion

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omission of an unstressed syllable

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Epenthesis

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a schwa vowel is inserted between the consonants in an initial cluster

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Diminutization

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addition of /i/ to the target form

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Metathesis

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production of sounds in a word in reversed order

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ankyloglossia

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tongue-tied

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Malocclusion

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Dental deviations-

• Class I: the arches are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned
• Class II: the upper jaw or maxilla is protruded and the lower jaw or mandible is receded. This is also referred to as an “overbite”
• Class II: the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded.
  

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Orofacial myofunctional disorders

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tongue thrust

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Van Riper’s Traditional Approach

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• focused on auditory discrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement, drill-like repetition, and practice
• “Bottom up drill approach”: isolation-syllables-words-phrases-sentences-reading-conversation
• Most successful with children who have only a few phonemes in error.
  

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McDonald’s Sensorimotor Approach

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• assumption that the syllable not the isolated phoneme is the basic unit of speech production
• “Bottom up approach”
• Perceptual training should precede production training and treatment should begin with sounds in isolation
  

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Distinctive features approach

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assumes teaching features in the context of a few sounds will result in generalized production of other sounds with the same feature or features

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Contrast approaches

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minimal and maximal

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Hodson and Paden’s Cycles Approach

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Used to treat children with multiple misarticulations and highly unintelligible speech, error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability, intelligibility, and percentage of occurrence

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Core Vocabulary Approach

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• therapy revolves around at least 70 core vocabulary words that are selected with the help of parents and teachers
• Increase overall intelligibility of 70 words that are key in the child’s environment