Speech

Front 1

Creating common ground

Back 1

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Front 2

Problem-Solution order

Back 2

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existance of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 3

Question of Value

Back 3

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Front 4

Reasoning form Principle

Back 4

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Front 5

Slippery Slope

Back 5

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Front 6

Speech to gain passive agreement

Back 6

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Front 7

Terminal Credibility

Back 7

The Credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech.

Front 8

Evidence

Back 8

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Front 9

Reasoning

Back 9

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Front 10

Reasoning from specific instance

Back 10

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Front 11

Hasty Generalization

Back 11

An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of innsufficient evidence.

Front 12

Casual Reasoning

Back 12

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Front 13

False Cause

Back 13

An error in casual reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning "after this, therefor because of this."

Front 14

Analogical reasoning

Back 14

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Front 15

Invalid Analogy

Back 15

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Front 16

Fallacy

Back 16

An error in reasoning

Front 17

Red Herring

Back 17

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Front 18

Ad hominem

Back 18

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Front 19

either-or

Back 19

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Front 20

Bandwagon

Back 20

A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Front 21

Pathos

Back 21

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Front 22

Burden of Proof

Back 22

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Front 23

Derived Credibility

Back 23

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Front 24

Problem-Cause-Solution order

Back 24

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 25

Comparative advantages order

Back 25

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Front 26

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Back 26

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Front 27

Ethos

Back 27

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Front 28

Credibility

Back 28

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Front 29

Initial Credibility

Back 29

The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak

Front 30

Mental dialogue with the audience

Back 30

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Front 31

Target Audience

Back 31

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Front 32

Question of fact

Back 32

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Front 33

Question of policy

Back 33

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Front 34

Speech to gain immediate action

Back 34

A persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Front 35

Need

Back 35

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy.

Front 36

Plan

Back 36

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Front 37

Practicality

Back 37

The third basic issue in analyzing a qestion of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more problems?

Front 38

Persuasion

Back 38

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.