Species And Pop Interactions

Front 1

intraspecific

Back 1

among individuals of same species

Front 2

interspecific

Back 2

among individuals of diff species

Front 3

competition

Back 3

use or defense of a resource by an individual that decreases resource availability to others

Front 4

what is a resource, examples

Back 4

anything consumed by an organism and supports increased pop growth rates

ex: food, water, nutrients, space

Front 5

competition usually over _____ factor

Back 5

limiting

Front 6

competitive exclusion principle

Back 6

2 species often cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource

Front 7

types of consumer-resource interactions

Back 7

predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease

Front 8

does parasitism kill its prey?

Back 8

usually no

Front 9

mutualism

Back 9

both organisms positively affected

Front 10

commensalism

Back 10

one benefits, the other is neutral

Front 11

ammensalism

Back 11

one does not benefit, other is neutral

Front 12

trophic levels

Back 12

groups of species that obtain energy in similar ways

Front 13

food web

Back 13

describes feeding relationships w/in community

Front 14

trophic cascade

Back 14

rate of consumption at one level results in change in species abundance at another trophic level

Front 15

each species occupies a _______

Back 15

niche

Front 16

resource partitioning

Back 16

different ways of using a resource

Front 17

resource partitioning and coexistence?

Back 17

if differences in resource use are large enough, competing species may coexist

Front 18

evolutionary arms race

Back 18

prey continually evolve better defenses, predators continually evolve better offenses

Front 19

_______ interactions can drive evolution

Back 19

consumer-resource

Front 20

cost of behavioral defense

Back 20

reduce feeding activity, increase crowding in areas away from predators

Front 21

cost of chemical and mechanical defenses

Back 21

energetically expensive to produce

Front 22

how can presence of predators INDIRECTLY reduce prey pop size?

Back 22

cost of induced defenses reduce prey growth and reproduction

Front 23

community

Back 23

two or more different species interacting together in specific area

Front 24

realized vs fundamental niche

Back 24

fundamental is "potential" niche without competition

realized is actual

Front 25

closed community

Back 25

close association btw species regulates distribution of whole community

Front 26

open community

Back 26

species distribute independently of one another, regulated by environmental conditions

Front 27

open communities are regulated by _____

Back 27

environmental conditions

Front 28

interdependent vs independent communities

Back 28

inter = species boundaries consistent across species w/in community

indep = boundary of each species NOT dependent on boundaries of other species

Front 29

closed community implies the idea that species are found together in a community because _____________

Back 29

they depend on each other

Front 30

open community implies the idea that species are found together in a community because ______________

Back 30

they have similar habitat needs

Front 31

what did Clements believe

Back 31

closed community- species live together because they depend on each other

Front 32

what did Gleason believe

Back 32

open community- species live together because they have similar habitat needs

Front 33

Clements vs Gleason conclusion, who is right?

Back 33

independent/Gleason distribution in MOST communities

dependent/Clements distribution in communities with HARSH environmental conditions

Front 34

species richness

Back 34

# species in a community

Front 35

relative abundance

Back 35

& each species contributes to total of all species

Front 36

species evenness

Back 36

measure of how numerically equal the species are in a community

Front 37

species diversity

Back 37

number of species (richness) and evenness of species (abundance)

Front 38

theory of island biogeography

Back 38

offshore islands gain species from colonization originating from islands/mainland

rate of colonization decreases as island fills up

extinction rate increases as new species come

species richness stops changing when colonization = extinction (equilibrium)

Front 39

rate of colonization increase/decrease as island fills up

Back 39

decrease

Front 40

extinction rate increase/decrease as new species come

Back 40

increase

Front 41

when does species richness stop changing

Back 41

colonization = extinction (equilibrium)

Front 42

recolonization fastest on ______ islands

Back 42

closer

Front 43

succession

Back 43

changes in community structure initiated by disturbance

Front 44

climax community

Back 44

ultimate association of species

Front 45

primary succession

Back 45

establishment and development of communities in habitats previously LACKING plants and soil

Front 46

pioneer species

Back 46

first species to arrive at a site

Front 47

secondary succession

Back 47

regeneration of plant communities following a disturbance

Front 48

examples of disturbances

Back 48

fire, windstorm, animal burrows, tree falls

Front 49

climax community corresponds to ______ vegetation type

Back 49

biome

Front 50

______ is ultimate determinant of endpoint community type

Back 50

climate

Front 51

ecological transition

Back 51

original community replaced by different type of community following disturbance