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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of receptors do taste buds have?
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Chemoreceptors
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Where are most taste buds located & where else can you find them?
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PAPILLAE
soft palate, inner surface of the cheeks, pharynx and epiglottis |
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What are the types of papillae?
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Callate, fungiform, foliate and filliform
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Which papillae contains the most sensitive taste buds?
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Foliate
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Which papillae does not contain taste buds?
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filiform
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What are found down the lateral walls of the papillae's groove?
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taste buds :)
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What is a taste bud?
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a group of cells (50-100) that form a rose-bud shape
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What three types of epithelial cells are found in taste buds?
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supporting cells
receptor gustatory cells basal cells |
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What is the majority of cells in within the taste bud?
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supporting cells
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What do supporting cells in taste buds do?
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cushion and separate the receptor cells (gustatory)
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What do gustatory cells do?
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they have gustatory hairs that extend through a taste pore and responds to bound chemicals by depolarizing and releasing NT which sends the signal to the gustatory cortex via the gustatory pathway.
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What is the gustatory pathway?
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facial nerve-glossopharyngeal nerve- vagus nerve to the brain stem to the gustatory cortex in the PARIETAL lobe
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Why is it important that cells within the taste buds are capable of being replaced?
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because they are in areas of high friction and at risk for burn damage from hot foods. (replaced about every 10 days)
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What are basal cells?
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taste bud stem cells. these cells divide and differentiate into supporting cells and eventually gustatory cells
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What is 80% of taste?
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smell
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What kind of epithelium lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
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pseudostratified
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What is the organ of smell called and where is it contained?
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in the pseudostratified epithelium that lines the nasal cavity it is also called the olfactory epithelium
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Olfactory receptor cells are composed of what kind of neurons?
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mitotic bipolar neurons
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How often are mitotic bipolar cells replaced by basal cells?
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approximately every two months
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What produces mucus?
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supporting cells and olfactory glands in underlying connective tissue
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How many odors are humans able to distinguish?
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thousands
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What are characteristics of smells in order to activate olfactory receptors?
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* has to be volatile (gaseous state entering nasal cavity)
* water soluble (dissolve in the fluid coating of olfactory epithelium) |
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How do dissolved chemicals stimulate olfactory receptors?
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by binding to protein receptors in the olfactory cilia membrane which opens sodium channels which leads to an action potential
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What two molecules are known to be involved in transduction of smell?
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G proteins and cAMP
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What do the axons of olfactory receptor cells synapse with?
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olfactory bulb neurons
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Where do olfactory tracts extend and project to?
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they extend from olfactory bulb neurons and project to the cerebral cortex
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Where are 70% of sensory receptors located?
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in they eye and the portion of the cerebral cortex related to visual stimuli
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What are accessory structures of the eye?
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eyebrow, eyelids, eye lashes and conjunctiva
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What is the function of eyebrows?
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to shade the eyes and help protect them from perspiration
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What is the function of eyelids?
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to protect the exposed anterior portion of they eye
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Where are eyelids joined to form the corners of the eye?
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the medial and lateral canthi
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What are the nerve endings of eyelashes responsible for?
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blinking reflex
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What is the function of the conjunctiva?
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transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed area of they eye
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What is palpebral conjunctiva?
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area that lines the membrane of they eyelid
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What is ocular or bulbar conjunctiva?
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the exposed area of the eye
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What is conjunctivitis?
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inflammation of the conjunctiva which can occur as a result of pink eye
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What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus of the eye?
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to cleanse, protect, and moisten the eye surface
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What is the function of the large lacrimal gland?
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to produce lacrimal fluid (tears) that contains mucus, antiodies and lysozymes.
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Why do you get a runny nose when you cry?
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Because your lacrimal secretions are produced more quickly than they can circulate causing i to spill over from the medial canthi causing the nasal cavity to receive excess secretions while crying
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What three layers can eye structures be categorized into?
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fibrous
vascular nervous |
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What two chambers of the eye contain aqueous humor?
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the anterior and posterior chambers
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What is glaucoma?
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the excessive pressure of the eye which can lead to blocked aqueous humor drainage
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What kind of muscle is the iris composed of?
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smooth
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What is the difference between vitreous humor and aqueous humor?
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vitreous humor is much thicker and it forms embryonicallly and remains throughout life with little turnover
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What controls the shape of the lens?
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the ciliary body
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What is the choroid?
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A highly vascularized pigment layer
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What does the pigment produced by melanocytes help prevent?
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the scattering of light from within the eye
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What are the two layers of the retina?
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pigmented and sensory retina
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What layer does the retina form?
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the neural layer
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What kinds of neurons are in the sensory retina?
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photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglionic neurons
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Where in the eye are rods not found?
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the fovea
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What protein contained in rods separates opsin and retinal when struck by light?
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rhodopsin
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When struck by light how do rods react?
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hyperpolarization
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What can retinal be converted into?
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Vitamin A
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Where do the axons of the RGC's converge at?
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the optic disk
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What are the three major areas of the eye?
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outer, middle, inner ear
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What secreted ear wax?
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ceruminous glands
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What is the function of the auditory tube?
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to equalize pressures between the external air pressure and the middle ear cavity
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What is the inner ear composed of?
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outer bony labyrinth which a series of sacs and ducts
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What substance fills the bony labyrinth?
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perilymph
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What substance fills the membranous labyrinth?
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endolymph
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What is the receptor organ for hearing?
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the organ of corti
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Describe the pathway of sound transmission.
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vibrations from sound waves hit the tympanic membrane-> causes the middle ear bones to push the oval window-> which causes the fluid in the inner ear to move-> which stimulates the hair cells of the organ of corti-> which creates an AP that is carried to the brain
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What are sensory receptors for static equilibrium called?
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maculae
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What receives dynamic equilibrium?
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crista ampullaris
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What is hyperopia?
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the ability to see distant objects clearly but close objects appear blurry. This is because the focused image is behind the retina when looking at objects close up
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