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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olfactory organs are paired sense organs located in ____________ on either side of septum.
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nasal cavity
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Contains olfactory receptor cells (____________) and basal cells (____________). Covers ____________ portion of cribiform plate, superior portion of perpendicular plate and superior nasal conchae of ehmoid bone.
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supporting cells / stem (regenerative) cells / inferior
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____________ contains areolar tissue, blood vessles and nerves, plus ____________, whose secretions mix with water to form thick, pigmented mucus.
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Lamina propria / olfactory glands (Bowman glands) /
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A normal, relaxed inhalation carries a small sample of the inhaled air (about __ %) to the olfactory organs.
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2
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Highly modified neurons.
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olfactory Rs
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The exposed tip of each olfactory Rs forms a prominent knob that projects beyond the ____________surface.
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epithelial
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G-protein chemical Rs on surface of cilia.
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odorant-binding proteins
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Small molecule, highly soluble in water and lipids. Activates ADP which converts ATP to cAMP, which then opens Na channels in membrane.
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odorant
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There are approx 10-20 million ____________ in an area of 5 cm2.
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olfactory Rs
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Olfactory pathways require _____________ to create awareness of stimulus.
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convergence
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Inhibitions at synapses can block sensations from _____________ of cerebral hemispheres.
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olfactory lobes
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In the olfactory pathway, where does the first synapse occur?
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at the olfactory bulbs
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From bulbs, travel along olfactory tract to reach _____________, hypothalamus and parts of the limbic system.
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olfactory cortex
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Olfactory discrimination system can distinguish _____________ to _____________ chemical sitmuli, with 50 primary smells.
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2,000 / 4,000
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New olfactory Rs are produced by _____________.
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basal (stem) cells
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Taste (gustatory) Rs are distributed overs superior surface of _____________ and adjacent areas of pharynx and larynx, with the most important receptors on _____________.
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tongue / tongue
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What forms taste buds?
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epithelium and taste Rs. Adult has 3K taste buds
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T/F: Filliform papillae; fungiform papillae; circumvallate papillae all contain taste buds.
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false; fungiform and circumvallate papillae only contain taste buds (5 and 100/paipillae respectively)
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Found at tip of tongue. Helps move food around mouth, and doesnt contain taste buds.
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filiform papillae
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_____________ contains microvilli (_____________) that extend through _____________ into surrounding fluids.
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taste hairs / taste pore
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Pleasant taste due to presence of amino acids (MSG) small peptides, and nucleotides tend to be located posteriorly.
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umami
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Water Rs found in _____________.
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paharynx
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Olfactory organs are paired sense organs located in ____________ on either side of septum.
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nasal cavity
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Contains olfactory receptor cells (____________) and basal cells (____________). Covers ____________ portion of cribiform plate, superior portion of perpendicular plate and superior nasal conchae of ehmoid bone.
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supporting cells / stem (regenerative) cells / inferior
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____________ contains areolar tissue, blood vessles and nerves, plus ____________, whose secretions mix with water to form thick, pigmented mucus.
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Lamina propria / olfactory glands (Bowman glands) /
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A normal, relaxed inhalation carries a small sample of the inhaled air (about __ %) to the olfactory organs.
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2
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Salt and sour Rs are _____________ gated and produce _____________ of cell.
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chemically / depolarization
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Sweet, bitter and umami sensations produced by G proteins (_____________) that uses _____________ to produce an effect.
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gustducins / 2nd messengers
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T/F: Threshold for receptors respond more readily to pleasant than unpleasant stimuli.
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false; threshold receptor stimulation responds more readily to unpleasant stimuli
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Eyelids (palpebrae); Orbicularis oculi; levator palpebrae superioris; conjuctiva; lacrimal apparatus
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Eyes accessory structures
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Palpebral fissure (gap b/w upper and lower eyelids) connect at _____________ and _____________ canthus.
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medial / lateral
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Modified sebaceous glands arranged along inner margin of lid that secrete a lipid rich material.
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Tarsal (Meibomian) glands
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Keeps eyelids from sticking together
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Tarsal (Meibomian) glands
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Infected tarsal gland
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Chalazion
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Infection in sebaceous gland, tarsal gland or sweat gland or the eyelid
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sty
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Lateral caruncle is a tissue mass at _____________ canthus that produces thick secretions sometimes seen as crusties.
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medial
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T/F: Most movement is in the lower eye lid
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false; most movement is in upper eyelid
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_____________ is drooping tissue.
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Ptosis
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Mucous membrane covering inner surfaces of eyelids and outer surface of eyeball
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conjuctiva
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Inner surface of eyelids
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palpebral conjunctiva
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Ocular (bulbar) conjunctiva covers _____________ surface of eyeball.
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anterior
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Transparent part of outer fibrous surface of eye.
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Cornea
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Corneal epithelium covers _____________.
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cornea
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What provides special lubricant to prevent friction and drying of conjunctival surfaces?
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goblet cells
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Due to damage of or irritation to conjunctiva.
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pink eye (conjunctivitis)
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Lacrimal gland and ducts are located in the _____________.
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fornix
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What produces, distributes and removes tears?
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lacrimal apparatus (glands and ducts)
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Antibacterial enzyme in lacrimal secretions or tears
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lysozyme
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Glands produce ____ ml of tears/day.
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1
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Covers lacrimal caruncle; at medial canthus
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lacrimal lake "lake of tears"
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_____________ has 2 slow pores which drain lacrimal lake through _____________, which are small canals that lead to the _____________.
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Lacrimal puncta / lacrimal canaliculi / lacrimal sac
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In the lacrimal sulcus of the orbit.
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lacrimal sac
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Lacrimal sac drains at bottom into the _____________.
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Nasolacrimal duct
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Nasolacrimal duct is located in _____________ of orbit.
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medial wall
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Tears empty into nasal cavity at the _____________.
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lacrimal meatus
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Each eye is slightly irregular speroid with and average diameter of ___ mm and a wt of 8g.
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24
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_____________ cushions the eye.
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orbital fat
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Fibrous tunic
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outer layer of wall of eye
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vascular tunic
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middle layer of wall of eye
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neural tunic
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inner layer of wall of eye
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Which tunic(layer) of the wall of the eye contains photoreceptors?
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neural tonic (inner)
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The posterior cavity of the eyeball contains the _____________ body.
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vitreous body
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The _____________ cavity contains _____________ humor, and is subdivided int to the anterior and posterior chambers.
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posterior / vitreous body /
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The _____________ is the outermost layer of the eye consisting of the _____________ and _____________.
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Fibrous tunic / sclera / cornea
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Provides mech. support; attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles; contains structures that assist in focusing processing.
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fibrous tunic (sclera, cornea)
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T/F: Cornea contains both collagen and elastic fibers.
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false; sclera is dense fibrous connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers. Cornea has a dense matrix of collagen fibers only.
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T/F: Fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea) contain blood vessels
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false; cornea has NO blood vessels. Sclera contains small blood vessels and nerves that penetrate into inner structures.
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Cornea connects to sclera via the _____________.
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corneal limbus
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Cornea receives O2 and nutrients form _____________ on the surface.
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tears
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Most sensitive portion of eye
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cornea
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T/F: Cornea has great ability to repair itself.
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false; cornea has very limited ability to repair itself.
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Vascular tunic (_____________) contains blood and lymphatic vessels and intrinsic (smooth) muscles of the eye.
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uvea
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Route for blood vessels and lyphatics
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uvea
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Regulates amount of light entering the eye
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uvea
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Controls shape of lens
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uvea
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Iris; ciliary body; choroid
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Parts of the uvea (vascular tunic)
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_____________ contains blood vessels, pigment cells and two layers of _____________ muscles which contract to change diameter of _____________, central opening of iris.
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iris / pupillary / pupil
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Form concentric circles around pupil.
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pupillary constrictor muscles
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T/F: Pupillary contrictor muscles contraction increases pupil diameter
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false; pupillary constrictor muscles contraction decreases pupil diameter
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Contraction of this muscle increases pupil diameter
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Pupillary dilator muscle
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T/F: Both pupillary muscles are controlled by the ANS.
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true
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T/F: In bright light, parasympathetic activation increases in pupil diameter; in low light, sympathetic activation decreases pupil diameter.
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false; In bright light, parasympathetic activation causes DECREASE in pupil diameter; in low light, sympathetic activation INCREASES pupil diameter.
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Anterior surface of iris has incomplete later of _____________ and melanocytes.
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fibrocytes
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What determines eye color?
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density and distribution of melanocytes, genetically based (multifactorial)
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Blue eyes indicate few _____________ with shift to green, brown, and black as you increase in _____________.
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melanocytes / melanocytes
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Thickened region at junction b/w cornea and sclera. Attachment site for iris.
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ciliary body
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Ciliary body extends posteriorly to _____________ - serrated anterior edge of neural tunic.
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ora serrata
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Folds that provide attachment for suspensory ligaments of lens.
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ciliary process
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Hold the lens posterior to the iris and centered on the pupil, so light is transmitted though the lens.
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suspensory ligaments
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Main part of ciliary body; smooth muscle ring extending into eyes interior.
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ciliary muscle
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Fibrous layer separating neural and fibrous tunics posterior to ora serrata.
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choroid
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Innermost layer of eye
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retina (neural tunic)
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Thin outer layer of retina (neural tunic) that absorbs light. Extends over ciliary body and iris.
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pigmented part of retina
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Thick inner later of retina (neural tunic) that contains neurons that perform preliminary processing and integration of visual info. Establishes lateral and posterior borders of posterior cavity.
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neural part of retina
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Outer layer of retina contains _____________ and _____________.
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rods / cones
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There are 125 million _____________, which are highly sensitive to light.
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rods
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T/F: Rods (6million) distinguish colors
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false; cones provide color vision
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Cones are concentrated at _____________, directly behind cornea and _____________.
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macula lutea / lens
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Center of macula, _____________, contains highest concentration of rods and sharpest vision.
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fovea centralis
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Straight line from center of object to fovea
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visual axis
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Rods and cones synapse with 6 million _____________ cells, which synapse with _____________ cells adjacent to posterior cavity
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bipolar / ganglion
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Horizontal cells extend across _____________ retina at level of photoreceptor bipolar cell synapses.
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outer
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_____________ cells are found at level of bipolar cell ganglion cell synapses.
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Amacrine
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_____________ discs are medial to fovea. Its the origin of optic nerve. Has no photoreceptors, producing a _____________.
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Optic / blind spot
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Optic disc contains _____________ and _____________ vein, which supply retina, passing through center of optic nerve to emerge on surface of disc.
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central retinal artery / central retinal vein
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___________ cavity contains anterior and posterior chambers, and is filled with aqueous humor.
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Anterior
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Part of anterior cavity from cornea to iris.
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anterior chamber
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Aqueous humor circulates within ___________, passing from posterior to anterior chambers through the pupil.
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anterior cavity
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Fills eye, helps retain shape, stabilizes retina, like air in a balloon.
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aqueous humor
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The eye's ___________ pressure can be measured anteriorly at the cornea.
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interocular
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Canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus) is a passageway extending around eye at level of ___________limbus. Delivers aqueous humor to veins in sclera to maintain balance b/w production and removal of humor.
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corneal
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Gelatinous mass in posterior cavity of eyeball.
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vitreous body
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Vitreous body contains cells that generate the collagen fibers and ___________ that produce the gelatinous consistency of the mass. Not replaced.
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proteoglycans
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Posterior to cornea, held in place by suspensory ligaments from ciliary body of choroid.
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lens
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Focuses images on photreceptors by changing shape.
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lens
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___________ intermingle with suspensory ligaments. Usually lens shape spherical.
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Lens fibers
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T/F: Lens cells are nucleated
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false; lens cells are un-nucleated
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Lens cells are filled with ___________, transparent proteins which provide clarity and focusing power of lens.
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crystallins
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Loss of transparency of lens due to age, injuries, readiation or drug reactions. Treated by removing lens and inserting artificial substitute.
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cataract
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Refraction is a stage in focusing image as light passes through ___________ and ___________. Bends light toward ___________ point on retina.
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cornea / lens / focal point
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Focal distance is b/w center of lens and ___________. Affected by ___________ from object to lens and ___________ of lens (accomodation).
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focal points
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Focusing images on the retina by the changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant.
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accomodation
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Shape of lens is controlled by ___________ muscles.
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ciliiary
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Near point of vision, closest point of vision, is 2-3" in ___________; and 6-8" in ___________; and 32-33" at age 60
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children / young adults
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As light passes through the lens, its is reversed radially. Brain compensates.
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image reversal
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___________ below 20/200 is considered legally blind
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visual acuity
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Permanent abnormalities at fixed position. Due to optic nerve compressio, damage to photreceptors, central damage along visual pathway.
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scotomas
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Floaters are small drifting spots due to ___________ cells or ___________ in ___________ body.
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blood / cellular debris / vitreous
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Nonfunctional cones results in ___________.
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color blindness
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10% of ___________ and .67% of ___________ are color blind. 1:_____ ppl are totally color blind (no cone pigments)
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males / females / 300,000
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Ceruminous glands of the external ear are integumentary glands along meatus that produce ___________, a waxy material that collects and prevents foreign matter from getting into canal, aided by small hairs.
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cerumen
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Middle ear is an air filled chamber behind the tympanic membrane, connected to the ___________ and ___________ cells.
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nasopharynx / mastoid airs cells
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Auditory (eustachian/pharyngotympanic) tube is a narrow at ___________, wider at ___________.
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middle ear / nasopharynx
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Permits equalization of pressure in middle ear but also is a conduit for microorganisms into middle ear.
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auditory tube
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Invasion by microorganisms in the middle ear can lead to an unpleasant infection known as ___________.
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ottis media
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Malleus, incus, and stapes
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auditory ossicles
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___________ has 3 attachments to tympanic membrane.
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Malleus
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Stapes is bound to ___________ window at entrance to inner ear.
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oval
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Malleus, incus and stapes area all connected by ___________ joints.
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synovial
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___________ transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear.
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Auditory ossicles
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Muscle from petrous portion of temporal to handle of malleus. Protects against loud noises.
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tensor tympani
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Attaches to middle ear wall and stapes to reduce movement at oval window.
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stapedius
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Layer of dense bone in inner ear
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bony labyrinth
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Network of fluid filled tubes containing sound receptors.
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membranous labryinth
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Fluid b/w bony and membranous labyrinth
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perilymph
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Electrolytic fluid within membranous labyrinth
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endolymph
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Vestibule contains a pair of membranous sacs: ___________ and utricle. That contain Rs for gravity and linear acceleration.
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saccule
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Semicircular canals have 3 enclosing ___________ ducts, which are Rs for rotation of ___________.
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semicircular / head
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Cochlea is a spinal shaped bony chamber containing ___________, which contains sound Rs and perilymph.
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cochlear duct
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Round window is a membrane separating ___________ of cochlea from air filled middle ear.
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perilymph
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Attachment site for cartilage fibers that attach to stapes.
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Oval window
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___________ canals respond to rotation of head.
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semicircular
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Ampulla is an expanded region of canal that contains ___________.
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receptors
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The area of the ampulla that contains receptors
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crista
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Gelatinous structure; width of ampulla that binds cristae.
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cupula
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Rs in cristae of canals that detect movement.
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hair cells
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Stereocilia are microvilli (80-100) on surface of ___________ cells.
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hair
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Large cilium (1) on hair cells
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kinocilium
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Cilia are embedded in ___________. Head rotation moves ___________ in canal, which distorts Rs sites. Three canals are oriented in three axes.
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cupula / endolymph
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The autonomic movements of the eyes that occur in response to sensations of motion are directed by the superior colliculi of the ___________.
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mesencephalon
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T/F: Sound travels better in air then in liquid
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false; sound travels better in liquid than in air
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Hearing is the result of stimulation of hair cells within the ___________, amp'd by transmission from air to ___________ in cochlea.
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cochlea / perilymph
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Frequency of sound is determined by ___________ of cochlea stimulated and ___________ by number of hair cells in stim. area.
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area / intensity (vol.)
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The cochlear duct is located b/w the ___________ and ___________ duct.
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vestibular duct / tympanic
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Sensory structure sitting on basilar membrane.
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organ of Corti
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Separates cochlear and typmanic ducts.
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organ of Corti
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T/F: Organ of Corti lack kinocilia, and stereocilia contact overlying tectorial membrane.
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true
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Attached to inner wall of cochlear duct
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tectorial membrane
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What is basilar membrane movement due to?
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sound waves presses hair cells against tectorial membrane, distorting them
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Wavelengths is the distance b/w two ___________.
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wave peaks
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Number of wave cycles. Measured in Hz.
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frequency
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T/F: Higher the Hz the higher the pitch(sensory reaction frequency)
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true
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Volume; energy of sound wave. Intensity measure in decibels.
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Amplitude
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Resonance is ___________ of object near ___________ of sound wave hitting it.
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vibration / frequency
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First sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane --> mvnt of memb. displaces ___________--> mvmt of stapes at ___________ estb press waves in perilymph of vestibular duct --> Press waves distort ___________ membrane --> Vib of basilar membrane --> input and stim relayed to _____ over cochlear branch of cranial nerve ______
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auditory ossicles / oval window / basilar membrane / CNS / VIII
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