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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Storm Sewers Manholes
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Must be placed min. 500 feet apart.
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Slope on the road
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Min. 1/4 in per 1 foot. from center of the road.
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Crown of the road
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Center of the road
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Bornings
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50’-500’ spacings, depending on conditions.
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Wash Borings
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Drilling test to locate bedrock. the water is used to wash materials up, can be used to penetrate anything except solid bedrock.
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Auger Boring
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Auger drill bit used to bring soil to the surface. Easily blocked - so best to use in sand clay.
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Core Boring
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Takes out a cylinder of soil sample. Can be done on anything including bedrock. Expensive.
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Test Pit
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Excavation to get a visual inspection as well as samples for further testing. Can help finding the watertable.
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Soil Sieve Analysis |
Testing for particle sizes. |
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Spread Footing
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Load directly to footing. Most cheapest. Area of the footing = soil bearing capacity.
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Mat Foundation
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When strata is weak. Continuous foundation. Expensive.
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Belled Caissons
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Holes are drilled to reach firm strata. Concrete is poured into the hole. Similar to Spread Footings, but just very deep.
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Socketed Caissons
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Like Belled Caissons, but drilled into the strata. Strength comes from the end bearing as well as frictional forces between caisson and strata.
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End Bearing Piles
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Like giant nails driven into soil till the firm strata pushes back. 2x3 more expensive then spread footings.
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Friction Piles
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Used on softer soils. Uses the friction for bearing capacity.
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Removal of Contaminated Soil
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?
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Retaining Walls
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Well Grade Soil
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A good proportion of all sizes of particles. Big, small and med.
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Uniformly Graded Soil
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All particles are same size. This is a poorly graded soil.
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Gap graded Soil
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All particles are either big or small. No med. size. Also called: Skip graded, or step-graded. A poorly graded soil.
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Flume
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An elevated water channel used to transport logs, etc.
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Weir
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Levee or dam used to change direction of a river.
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Heaving
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Upward movement of soil. Most likely caused by clay.
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Peat Soil
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Unstable, organic soil type.
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Graves
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Great drainage, course.
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Sands
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Good drainage.
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Silts
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Stable, but weak when dry. Can heave.
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Clays
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Not so stable. Cohesive. Heave. No drainage.
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Min/Max Distance between contours.
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Change in height between contours, over percent slope.
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USCS
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Unified Soil Classification System. Bearing capacity. but also has texture, color , structure and depth.
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Alluvium
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Soil, sand, etc. deposited by flowing water.
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Loam
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Rich soil containing equal: sand, silt or clay.
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Proctor Test
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Testing for soil compaction and moisture content.
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Percolation Test
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Testing soil on how fast it absorbs water. Leech field.
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Invert
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Lowest point in a drain.
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Culvert |
Underground sewer. |
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Car turning radii
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20-25 feet
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Angle of Repose
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The maximum angle the soil can be cut without sliding.
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Wale or Whale
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Horizontal member used to support sheating.
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Shoring
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Angled support used to temporary hold walls.
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Subsidence
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Widespread sinking of soil. Could be to seismic events or removal of oil or gas below.
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Liquefaction
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Sudden Loss of shear resistance of soil. Could be due to the earthquakes.
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Effluent
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Liquid sewage going into public sewage system.
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