Southwestern Pharmacology Unit 4 Ch 21-29

Front 1

cardiovascular disease

Back 1

A collective term used to describe diorders of the circulatory system of the body.

Front 2

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 2

Any of the abnormal conditions affecting the arteries of the heart and producing pathologic effects, particularly a diminished flow of nutrients and oxygen to the myocardium

Front 3

angina pectoris

Back 3

Severe, cramp-like pain felt in the chest, caused by insufficient blood circulation and characterized by spasms of the muscles of the coronary arteries surrounding and entering the heart.

Front 4

myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 4

Heart attack.

Front 5

stroke

Back 5

The third leading cause of death in the United States. Also known as cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Strokes may be mild or may result in hemiplegia, coma, or death. Strokes are classified by pathophysiology, and include embolic, global hypoperfusion, hemorrhagic (intracranial hemorrhage), and thrombotic types.

Front 6

hypertension

Back 6

High blood pressure: a disease characterized by an elevation of the systolic blood pressure, the diastolic blood pressure, or both. Statistics in North America show that the blood pressures above 140/90 mm Hg are associated with premature death, which results from accelerated vascular disease of the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Front 7

dysrhythmias

Back 7

Sometimes called an arrhythmia) occurs when there is a disturbance of the normal electrical conduction, resulting in an abnormal heart muscle contraction or heart rate. (See page 391-column 2-2nd pragraph)

Front 8

peripheral vascular disease

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Disorders of the blood vessels of the arms and legs.

Front 9

peripheral arterial disease

Back 9

A form of athersclerosis producing symptoms in the cardiac, cerebral, and renal vascular systems.

Front 10

heart failure

Back 10

Failure of the heart to work as a pump; characteristic symptoms include fluid in the lungs, ankles, and abdomen. Result of the inability of the body to expel sufficient blood for the metabolic demands of the body. Most common causes are hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis.

Front 11

Insulin resistance syndrome

Back 11

Another term for metabolic syndrome.

Front 12

metabolic syndrome

Back 12

A cluster of risk factors directly related to excesses in lifestyle; type 2 diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension are the key characteristics.

Front 13

body mass index (BMI)

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A formula for determining obesity; typically calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in meters.

Front 14

atherosclerosis

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Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries and arterioles, thus reducing the blood supply to vital organs and resulting in stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular disease.

Front 15

hyperlipidemia

Back 15

Abnormally high level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

Front 16

dyslipidemias

Back 16

Are defined as abnormalities with one or more of the blood fats (lipids). Dyslipidemias can be caused by genetic abnormalities, secondary causes (e.g., lifestyle, drugs, or underlying diseases), or both. A diet high in saturated fats, cholesterol, carbohydrates, total calories, and alcohol, as well as a sedentary lifestyle, contribute significantly to dyslipidemias. (See page 352-first column-bottom of page)

Front 17

triglycerides

Back 17

Fat compounds that are the principal lipids in the blood, where they circulate, within lipoproteins.

Front 18

lipoproteins

Back 18

The body converts excess dietary carbohydrates into triglycerides a precursor of cholesterol and dietary fat into cholesterol. Once absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, fats (lipids), triglycerides, and cholesterol are bound to circulating proteins called lipoproteins for transport through the body. Lipoproteins are subdivided into five categories based on composition: chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). The five types differ in concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins.

Front 19

chylomicrons

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chylomicrons are very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
Consist of about 90% triglycerides and 5% cholesterol (See page 352-column 2-middle of page)

Front 20

metabolic syndrome

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A cluster of risk factors directly related to excesses in lifestyle; type 2 diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension are the key characteristics.

Front 21

arterial blood pressure

Back 21

The pressure with which the blood is pushed from the heart. (See also systolic blood pressure.)

Front 22

systolic blood pressure

Back 22

The highest arterial pressure at any one time during the cardiac cycle. It is a combination of the ejection of the blood from the ventricles during systole and the blood pushing against the elastic walls of the aorta and arteries. It is also known as the active or working pressure. Normal range is about 110 to 140 mm Hg.

Front 23

diastolic blood pressure

Back 23

The lowest arterial pressure at any one time during the cardiac cycle. It results from the recoil of the elastic walls of the aorta and arteries and the pressure this recoil exerts on the blood. It is known as the resting pressure that is being constantly exerted by the aorta and arteries and which the left ventricle must overcome before blood can be injected into the aorta. This pressure represents the constant minimal load that the arteries must bear at all times.

Front 24

pulse pressure

Back 24

The lowest arterial pressure at any one time during the cardiac cycle. It results from the recoil of the elastic walls of the aorta and arteries and the pressure this recoil exerts on the blood. It is known as the resting pressure that is being constantly exerted by the aorta and arteries and which the left ventricle must overcome before blood can be injected into the aorta. This pressure represents the constant minimal load that the arteries must bear at all times.

Front 25

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 25

Is the average pressure throughout each cycle of the heartbeat and is significant because it is the pressure that actually pushes the blood through the circulatory system to perfuse tissue. It is calculated by adding one third of the pulse pressure to the diastolic pressure or by using the following equation: MAP=systolic pressure-diastolic pressure3+diastolic  pressure

Under normal conditions, the arterial blood pressure stays within narrow limits. It reaches its peak during high physical or emotional activity and is usually at its lowest level during sleep.
(See page 363-2nd column-13 lines down)

Front 26

cardiac output (CO)

Back 26

The primary determinant of systolic pressure.

Front 27

hypertension

Back 27

High blood pressure: a disease characterized by an elevation of the systolic blood pressure, the diastolic blood pressure, or both. Statistics in North America show that the blood pressures above 140/90 mm Hg are associated with premature death, which results from accelerated vascular disease of the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Front 28

primary hypertension

Back 28

Accounts for 90% of all clinical cases of high blood pressure. The cause of primary hypertension is unknown. At present, it is incurable but controllable. It is estimated that more than 50 million people in the United States have hypertension. (See page 364-1st column-2nd paragraph)

Front 29

secondary hypertension

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Elevated blood pressure associated with another disease, such as renal, pulmonary, endocrine, and vascular diseases.

Front 30

systolic hypertension

Back 30

Systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg. Considered pathologic; associated with a higher incidence of stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.