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144 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
pharmacology
The study of drugs and their actions on living organisims.
therapeutic methods
Approaches to therapy or to treating a disease (e.g., drug therapy, direct therapy, physiotherapy, psychologic therapy). Most illness require a combination of therapeutic methods for successful treatment.
drugs
Chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms
medicines
Therapeutic drugs used to prevent or treat diseases.
chemical name
The chemical constitution of a drug, the exact placing of its atoms or molecular groupings; this terminology is significant to chemist.
generic name
Before a drug becomes official, it is given a generic name or common name that may be used in any country and by any manufacturer
official name
The name under which a drug is listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
trademark
Brand name,or proprietary name by the symbol ®.
brand name
Drug name followed by the symbol ® indicating that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer.
proprietary names
Is followed by the symbol ®. This indicates that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
Drugs sold without a prescription in a pharmacy or the health section of a department or grocery store.
illegal drugs
Sometimes referred to as recreational drugs. Drugs or chemical substances used for nontherapeutic purposes.
Food and Drug regulations
Rules established by the FDA to help ensure good manufacturing practices and safety in foods and medicines available in the U.S.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP)/National Formulary (NF)
Two authoritative, science-based books which set forth required standards of purity for drugs, as well as laboratory tests to determine purity.
The United States Parmacopeia (USP)/National Formulary (NF) European Pharmacopeia
Publication accepted by The Food and Drug Act which recognizes the standards described by international authoritative books to be accepted as official drugs in Canada.
American Drug Index
Index of all medicines available in the United States. Listed Alphabetically by generic and brand name.
American Hospital Formulary Service, Drug Information
Comprehensive reference published annually by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists containing monographs on virtually every single-drug entity available in the United States
Drug Interaction Facts
The most comprehensive book available on the subject of drug interaction; published by Facts and Comparisons.
Drug Facts and Comparisons
Comprehensive compendium of drug information; published by Facts and Comparisons.
Handbook on Injectable Drugs
Comprehensive reference on the topic of compatibility of injectable drugs; published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists of Bethesda, Maryland.
Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
Comprehensive text on over-the-counter medications that can be purchased in the U.S.; published by the American Pharmaceutical Association.
Martindale-The Complete Drug Reference
2700 page volume published by the Pharmaceutical Press, the publication division of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Lists more than 4418 side affects of medicinal agents. Lists 926 agents that are no longer considered standards of treatment or are too new. Gives the composition and manufacturers of almost 50,000 preparations or groups of preparations from 33 countries (See page 5-bottom first column and top of second)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database
Gold standard for evidence-based information on herbal medicines and combination products of herbal medicines; published by Therapeutic Reearch Faculty of Stockton, California
Physcisians' Desk Reference (PDR)
A compendium compiled annually, containing information about drugs, primarily prescription drugs and products used in diagnostic procedures in the United States, supplied by their manufacturers.
Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS)
Annual comprehensive list of the pharmaceutical products distributed in Canada as well as other information of practical value to health care professionals; published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association.
Patient Self-Care: Helping Patients Make Therapeutic Choices
Text providing comprehensive information for health professionals and consumers about nonprescription drug products available in Canada (formerly known as Nonprescription Drug Reference for Health Professionals); published every 4 years by the Canadian Pharmacists Association.
Compendium of Self-Care Products CSCP)
Is a nonprescription companion of CPS and Patient Self Care.
United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USPDI)
Is an annual publication of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. USPDI is a three-volume set supplemented with bimonthly updates.
Therapeutic Choices
Hanbook describing major diseases and their treatment; published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Act passed in 1938 authorizing the FDA to determine the safety of drugs before marketing and to ensure that certain labeling specifications and standards in advertising are met.
Controlled Substance Act
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed by Congress in 1970. This statute, commonly referred to as the Controlled Substances Act, repealed almost 50 other laws written since 1914 that relate to the control of drugs. The new composite law is designed to improve the administration and regulation of manufacturing, distributing, and dispensing of drugs that have been found necessary to be controlled.
The basic structure of the Controlled Substances Act consists of five classifications or schedules of controlled substances. The degree of control, the conditions of -record-keeping, the particular order forms required, and other regulations depend on these classifications. The five schedules, their criteria, and examples of drugs in each schedule are listed below.
schedules
Classifications of controlled substances. Schedules are used in the United States and Canada.
Food and Drugs Act, 1927
The Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations empower Health Canada to protect the public from foreseeable risks relating to the manufacture and sale of drugs.
Food and Drug Regulations, 1953, 1954, 1979
The Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations empower Health Canada to protect the public from foreseeable risks relating to the manufacture and sale of drugs. The Therapeutic Products Directorate administers this legislation. The legislation provides for a review of the safety and efficacy of drugs before their clearance for marketing in Canada and determines whether the medicine is prescription or nonprescription. Also included in this legislation are requirements for good manufacturing practices, adequate labeling, and fair advertising. In Canada, as in the United States, an individual province (or individual state in the United States) may have its own legislation that is more restrictive than the national legislation. (See Pg. 11-left column-middle page)
Controlled Drugs and Substance Act, 1997
The Controlled Drugs and Substance Act establishes the requirements for the control and sale of narcotics and substances of abuse in Canada. The Controlled Drugs and Substance Act describes eight schedules of controlled substances. Assignment to a schedule is based on potential for abuse and the ease with which illicit substances can be manufactured in illegal laboratories. The degree of control, the conditions of record keeping, and other regulations depend on these classifications. (See page 11-right column-middle page)

The Controlled Drugs and Substance Act also provides for the nonprescription sale of certain codeine preparations. The content must not exceed the equivalent of 8 mg codeine phosphate per solid dosage unit or 20 mg per 30 mL of a liquid, and the preparation must also contain two additional nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients. These preparations may not be advertised or displayed and may be sold only by pharmacists. In hospitals, the pharmacy usually requires strict inventory control of these products as well as other narcotics.(See page 11-column 2-Last paragraph)
nonprescription drugs
Medicines available without a prescription but which must be sold by a pharmacist to help ensure that consumers are not self-diagnosing medically serious diseases, and that consumers are counseled on the appropriate use of the medicine.
preclinical research
Phase of new drug development that begins with discovery, synthesis, and purification of the drug using laboratory studies to determine whether it has therapeutic value and whether it appears to be safe in animals.
clinical research
Phase of new drug development known as the "testing in humans" stage.
New Drug Application
Application submitted to the FDA formally requesting approval to market a new drug for human use.
postmarketing survelliance
If the manufacturer decides to market the medicine, the postmarketing surveillance phase, or fourth phase of drug product development, starts. It consists of an ongoing review of adverse effects of the new drug, as well as periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities and products. Other studies completed during the fourth phase include identifying other patient populations in whom the drug may be useful, refining dosing recommendations, or exploring potential drug interactions. Health care practi-tioners make a significant contribution to the knowledge of drug safety by reporting adverse effects of drugs to the FDA by using the MedWatch program for voluntary reporting of adverse event and product problems
health orphans
Rare diseases that pharmaceutical manufacturers were reluctant to develop products for because they were unable to recover the costs of the research involved.
receptors
Cellular protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.
pharmacodynamics
The study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response.
agonists
Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response
antagonists
Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response; used to block the receptor from attaching to another substance.
partial agonists
Drugs that attach and elicit a small response but also block other responses.
ADME
Acronym for the four stages of the drug cycle: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
pharmacokinetics
The study of the mathematical relationships among the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of individual medicines over time.
absorption
When a drug moves from its site of administration into the blood.
enteral
Administering a drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes.
parenteral
Subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous method of administration; treatment by injection.
parenteral
Subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous method of administration; treatment by injection.
percutaneous
A method of drug administration that includes inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), or topical (on the skin) administration
distribution
The ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action (receptors), metabolism, and excretion.
drug blood level
An assay to determine the amount of drug present in a blood sample.
metabolism
Tissue change; the sum of all the physical and chemical process by which a living creature is produced and maintained; the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism.
biotransformation
The process by which the body inactivates drugs. Also called metabolism.
excretion
Elimination of drug metabolites and, in many cases, the active drug itself from the body.
half-life
The amount of time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body.
desired action
The expected response that occurs when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed.
side effects
The unintended response produced by drugs when they affct more than one body system simultaneously. Also known as adverse effects.
adverse affects
All drugs have the potential to affect more than one body system simultaneously, producing responses known as side effects or adverse effects. When adverse effects are severe, the reaction is sometimes referred to as a toxicity.
toxicity
A severe adverse affect
parameters
The therapeutic actions, side effects to expect, adverse effects to report, and probable drug reactions of a drug that should be monitored.
idiosyncratic reaction
An adverse drug reaction resulting from a genetic polymorphism.
allergic reaction
Reaction to a drug in which a patient has developed antibodies to previous exposure of the drug, and upon re-exposure, the antibodies cause a reaction such as hives.
urticaria
Hives.
hives
Raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin that itch severely.
carcinogenicity
The ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous.
teratogen
Agent that produces birth defects.
placebo effect
Latin, "I will please." A phenomenon that occurs when a patient's positive expectations about treatment positively affect the outcome of therapy.
nocebo effect
Latin, "I will harm." The effect that occurs when the patient's negative expectations about therapy result in less than optimal outcomes.
placebo
An inactive substance prescribed as if it were an effective dose of a needed medication.
tolerance
A person's need for a higher drug dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided.
drug dependence
A person's inability to control the ingestion of drugs. The dependence may be physical, in which the person develops withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn for a certain period, or psychologic, in which the patient is emotionally attached to the drug. Also known as addiction or habituation.
drug accumulation
The effect that occurs when the previously administered drug dose has not yet been metabolized or excreted when the next dose is administered.
drug interaction
When the action of one drug is altered by the action of another
unbound drug
Medicines not bonded to proteins. Usually dissolved in blood and does not require a protein carrier.
additive effect
A drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken, thus doubling the effect.
synergistic effect
The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given alone.
antagonistic effect
A drug interaction in which one drug interferes with the action of another.
displacement
The displacement from protein-binding sites of the first drug by a second drug, increasing the activity of the first drug.
interference
The drug interaction that occurs when the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug.
incompatibility
A drug interaction that occurs when the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, causing deterioration when both drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution
gender-specific medicine
A developing science that studies the differences in the normal function of men and women and how persons of each sex perceive and experience disease.
pharmacogenetics
Effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence.
polymorphisms
Naturally occurring variations in the structures of genes and the products they make for the body.
passive diffusion
A dispersal or spreading out requiring no energy (e.g., a solvent passing across a semipermeable membrane), passing from a lower concentration of solute to a higher concentration of solute, thus diluting it.
hydrolysis
The chemical alteration or decomposition of a compound with water.
intestinal transit
Passing through the intestines; usually referring to rate of transit-a rapid rate might cause diarrhea whereas a slow rate might be manifested by constipation.
protein binding
Proteins, most commonly albumin, act as carriers of medicines that are otherwise insoluble in blood. After absorption, drugs become chemically bonded to proteins that then transport the drug to its site of action. Stronger attractions pull the drug away from the protein so that the drug becomes bound to its receptor site, inducing a physiologic effect.
drug metabolism
The process by which the body inactivates medicines
metabolites
Byproducts of metabolism; breakdown products of a chemical reaction; may be physiologically active or inactive.
polypharmacy
Drug therapy with several medications; commonly seen in older adults who have more than one disorder requiring drug treatment
therapeutic drug monitoring
The measurement of a drug's concentration in biologic fields to correlate the dosage administered and the level of medicine in the body with the pharmacologic response.
nursing process
The foundation for the clinical practice of nursing
nursing classification systems
Systems designed to provide a standardized language for reporting and analysis of nursing care delivery that has been individualized for the patient.
assessment
An ongoing process that starts with the admission of the patient and continues until the patient is discharged from care.
nursing diagnosis
A diagnosis that usually refers to the patient's ability to function in activities of daily living in relation to the impairment induced by the medical diagnosis.
actual nursing diagnosis
A clinical judgment based on human responses to life conditions and life processes that exist in an individual, family, or community.
risk/high-risk nursing diagnosis
A clinical judgment that an individual, family, or community is more susceptible to the problem than others in the same or similar situation.
possible nursing diagnosis
Identification of suspected patient problems requiring additional data for confirmation.
wellness nursing diagnosis
A clinical judgment about an individual, group, or community in transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness.
syndrome nursing diagnosis
Nursing diagnoses that cluster actual or high-risk signs and symptoms that are predictive of certain circumstances/events.
defining characteristics
Manifestations or signs and symptoms.
medical diagnosis
A statement of the patient's alterations in structure and function that results in an identification of a disease or disorder impairing normal physiologic function.
collaborative problem
Physiological complications that nurses monitor, but for which nurses cannot independently initiate definitive treatment.
focused assessment
The process of collecting additional data specific to a patient or family that would validate a suggested problem or nursing diagnosis.
nursing care plan
The written or computer-generated document that evolves from planning.
critical care pathway
A standardized care plan derived from the "best practice" patterns, enabling the nurse to develop a treatment plan that sequences detailed clinical interventions to be performed over a projected amount of time for a specific case type or disease process.
priority setting
Prioritizing an individual patient's needs by organizing them in relation to their direct effects on the maintenance of homeostasis.
measurable goal statements
Established and written short-and long-term patient goals to promote the therapeutic regimen and course of treatment.
patient goals
Established short-and long-term patient goals to promote the therapeutic regimen and course of treatment
nursing action
Actions suggested by the causes of the problems identified in the nursing diagnoses and used to implement plans.
nursing intervention
The actual process of performing the established plan of care.
nursing orders
Statement describing how specific actions will be implemented for an individual patient.
anticipated therapeutic statements
Statements documenting the effectiveness of patient care delivered.
expected outcome statements
Statements documenting the effectiveness of patient care delivered
nursing intervention or implementation
Is the actual process of carrying out the established plan of care. Nursing care is directed at meeting the physical and emotional needs of the patient, providing for patient safety, monitoring for potential complications, and performing ongoing assessments as a part of the continual process of data collection and evaluation to identify changes in the patient's care needs.
nursing actions
Nursing actions are suggested by the etiologies of the problems identified in the nursing diagnoses and are used to implement plans. They may include activities such as counseling, teaching, providing comfort measures, coordinating, referring, using communication skills, and performing a health care provider's orders. Documentation of all care given, including patient education and the patient's apparent response, should be performed regularly, both to assist in evaluation and reassessment and to make other health care professionals aware of the patient's changing needs.
dependent actions
Nursing actions the nurse implements cooperatively with other members of the health care team for restoring or maintaining the patient's health.
interdependent actions
Nursing actions the nurse implements cooperatively with other members of the health care team for restoring or maintaining the patient's health
independent actions
Nursing actions not prescribed by a health care provider that a nurse can provide by virtue of education and license attained.
drug history
A list of all prescription and over-the-counter medications, and herbal products a patient is taking. For each medication, note the name, dose, schedule, and duration of use.
primary source
The patient is the main source of information.
subjective data
Information provided by the patient
objective data
Information gained from observations that the nurse makes using physiologic parameters.
secondary sources
Information sources other than the patient, such as relatives, medical records, laboratory reports, or other health care professionals.
tertiary sources
Information sources such as a literature search
drug monographs
A statement that specifies the kinds and amounts of ingredients a drug or class of drugs may contain, the directions for the drug's use, the conditions in which it may be used, and the contraindications to its use.
side effects
The unintended response produced by drugs when they affect more than one body system simultaneously. Also known as adverse effects.
therapeutic intent
Purpose for which a medicine or a treatment is prescribed by a health care professional.
side effects to expect
Symptoms that can be alleviated or prevented by actions of the nurse or patient that will require immediate planning for patent education.
side effects to report
A collaborative problem in which the nurse has a responsibility to monitor the patient for adverse effects of drug therapy and report suspected adverse effects to the health care provider.
cognitive domain
The level at which basic knowledge is learned and stored; the thinking portion of the learning process that incorporates a person's previous experiences and perceptions.
affective domain
The most intangible portion of the learning process that deals with feelings, needs, beliefs, values, and opinions.
psychomotor domain
Involves the learning of a new procedure or skill; often referred to as the "doing domain."
objectives
Learning statements that assert the purpose of activities and the expected outcomes.
ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's culture provides the right way, the best way, and the only way to live.
scientific biomedical paradigm
A health care system that asserts all disease has a cause.
magicoreligious paradigm
A health care view of the world and its inhabitants as being under the control of supernatural, mystical forces.
holistic paradigm
Health care view recognizing harmony among the body, mind, and spirit
ethnography
Research technique used to study adherence of patients to their health care regimen.
health teaching
The formalized development of learning objectives that direct patients toward achieving goals based on their needs.