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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six links in the chain of infection
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1. Infectious agents, pathogens such as salmonella
2. Reservoir, where pathogens live and multiply 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of Transmission, contact, droplet, injection etc... 5. Portal of entry, eyes nares mouth... 6. Susceptible host, person with inadequate defense |
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What are the stages of a typical infection process
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1. Incubation, from time of infection until manifestation of symptoms
2. Prodromal, appearance of vague symptoms 3. Illness, signs and symptoms present 4. Decline, number of pathogens decline 5. Convalescence, tissue repair, and return to health |
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What are the barriers involved in the body's primary defense
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1. Skin, prevents entry of pathogens
2. Respiratory Tree, nares trachea, and bronchi, are covered with mucous membranes that trap pathogens, which are then expelled 3. Eyes, tear production, tears contain lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme 4. Mouth, saliva contains lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme 5. The gastrointestinal tract, stomach acid, and bile from the small intestine destroy pathogens 6. The genitourinary tract, The mucous membranes in the genitourinary tract trap pathogens and expell them through urination and defecation |
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Describe four processes involved in secondary defense
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The secondary defense mechanisms are activated if a pathogen gains entry into the body. Secondary defense mechanisms include:
phagocytosis, white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens the complement cascade, blood protiens called complement trigger the release of chemicals that attack the cell membranes inflammation, increases the flow of phagocytes, antimicrobial chemicals, oxygen and nutrients to the damaged area fever, rise in core body temprature inhibits multiplication of pathogens and triggers specific immunity |
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Compare and contrast humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Humoral immunity, T-cells stimulate B-cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies called immunoglobulins
Cell-mediated immunity, acts by directly destroying body cells that have become infected |
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Identify activities that promote immune function
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1. Adequate nutrition
2. Hygiene 3. rest and exercise 4. Reduce stress 5. Immunizations |
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Discuss the factors that place an individual at increased risk for infection
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Developmental stage, infants, young children, and elderly are at an increase risk for infection due to minimized active immunity
Any break in the skin also increases risk. Illness and injury, especially chronic disease, limit an individual's ability to fight infection. Smoking, substance abuse, Multiple sex partners Some medications inhibit the immune response of the body. Environmental factors that increase exposure to pathogens increase risk for infection. Nursing and medical treatments often provide portals of entry and exit or bypass natural defense mechanisms. |
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Identify standard precautions to prevent transmission of infection through blood and body fluids
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handwashing, before and after gloving and between glove changes, and procedures on the same patient
gloves remove gloves after use, avoid touching clean items change gloves between procedures on the same patient if you have made contact with anything that may contain microorganisms Wear mask and eye protection or face shield if splach or spay are likely gown to protect skin and clothing, when there is a risk of spray or splash carefully handle contaminated linnens never re-cap needles use mouthpiece or resuscitation bag |
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Compare and contrast methods of preventing infection by breaking the chain of infection
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Encourage deep breathing and coughing
Reduce exposure to pathogens by using aseptic technique Maintain skin integrity encourage good nutrition Reduce stress Help and encourage ambulation promote immune function through colaborative care |
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precautions that must be taken when there is concern about contact transmission
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All standard precautions
Gown Gloves private room double bag linnen follow any aditional precautions specific to microorganism |
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precautions that must be taken when there is concern about droplet disease transmission
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All standard precautions
All contact precautions mask and eye protection within 3 feet |
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precautions that must be taken when there is concern about airborne disease transmission
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All standard precautions
All contact precautions Gown and glove when contacting patient or any items that have come into contact with patient or patient room Respirator mask if Tuberculosis is suspected If patient is suspected of having measles or chickenpox only immune caregivers provide care |
