Soil Ecology & Restoration

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is organic and filled with millions of different organisms. A handful of _ contains more organisms than the total number of people that have ever lived on earth

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Soil

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- perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth.

- Maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage.

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Soil Microbes

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5 Environmental Factor

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Bacteria

Fungi

Nematodes

Other Macro Fauna

Soil Organic Matter

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- include many different types which are single-celled, have different shapes, may or may not be mobile, and grow in clusters

- Feed on OM that is easy to break down

- Store and cycle nitrogen

- Contribute to soil stability

- Decompose pesticides

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Bacteria

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Genus which is widely distributed in the soil.

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Aerobic Bacteria (Aerobacter

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are higher in nitrogen (N) content (10-30% N, 3 to 10 C:N ratio) than most microbes

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Bacteria

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Symbiotic in Bacteria that mutualistic such as

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Rhizobium

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3 Non symbiotic in Bacteria

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Azotobacter, Azospirillum,

& Clostridium

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- is mostly affected by environmental and soil properties

- Crop specificity is highly concern in it

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Rhizobium

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Bacteria such as _ fix Higher Nitrogen than any other microbes

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Rhizobium

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Bacteria = Nitrogen fixation

____(legumes)

____(trees)

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Rhizobia

Actinorhiza

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- are extremely important to the Soil.

- They may be as much as 20,000 km of __ network in a cubic of metre of soil

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Fungi

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bind soil together, decompose OM, and symbiotic relationships in plants.

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Fungi

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In fungi (P- solubilizer)

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Mycorrhizal fungi

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- there are many different species, some attack crops / pastures others are beneficial

- As many as 5000 per teaspoon of soil.

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Nematodes

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Recycle nutrients by feeding on fungi, bacteria, plant roots, amoeba and other nematodes.

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Nematodes

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encompasses all disturbed components of an ecosystem, including but not limited to, soils, hydrology, flora, and fauna.

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Reclamation

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refers to a wide range of strategies that remove, destroy, contain, transform, or reduce the availability of soil contaminants to humans and other receptors in the environment.

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Soil Remediation

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3 Environmental Effects of Agriculture

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Soil Degradation

Deforestation

Loss of Biodiversity

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refers to the decline in the quality and health of soil, resulting in a loss of its ability to support healthy plant growth and perform essential ecological functions.

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Soil Degradation

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True or False :

Intensive farming practices, such as excessive tilling, overuse of chemical fertilizers, and inadequate soil conservation measures, can result in soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and reduced soil quality.

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True

True

True

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is the visible form of Degradation

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Soil Erosion

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3 types of Soil Degradation

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Physical Degradation

Chemical Degradation

Biological Degredation

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physical structure, permeability, porosity, etc

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Physical Degradation

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nutrient decline, acidification, salinity, etc

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Chemical Degradation

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loss of soil biodiversity, GHG emission

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Biological Degradation

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Clearing forests for agricultural purposes, such as for crop cultivation or livestock grazing, can lead to habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.

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Deforestation

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True or False:

The loss of forests leads to the destruction of habitats and the loss of biodiversity, disrupting the delicate balance of ecosystems.

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True

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Conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land can result in the loss of biodiversity, as it disrupts the ecosystems that support various plant and animal species.

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Loss of Biodiversity

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Causes of Soil Degradation in Physical Factors

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Rainfall

Flood

Runoff

Tillage

Movements of Sediment

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Cause of Soil Degradation in Chemical Factors

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Waterlogging

Salinity

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Cause of Soil Degradation in Biological Factors

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Human activities

Plant activities

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Other causes of Soil Degradation

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Deforestation

Overgrazing

Mining

Excessive use of Fertilizer

Industrial Activities

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4 Classification of Soil Degradation

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Soil Erosion

Soil Salinization

Soil Fertility Decline

Heavy Metals (HM) Pollute the Soil

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loss of the fertile upper layer of the soil (O/ A horizon). It is a worldwide problem that is an alarm for natural resources

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Soil Erosion

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generally depleted of nutrients, soil organic matter, have poor soil structure, and have shallow solum

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Soil Erosion

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These are generally the sloping agricultural areas in the uplands, which are not practicing soil and water conservation measures = 11.45 M ha (38%)

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Vulnerable Areas

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True or False:

In many Philippine uplands, a visible indicator of erosion is the exposure of the reddish subsoil after the dark topsoil has been removed by water erosion

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True

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Developed due to the accumulation of soluble salts in soil.

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Soil Salinization

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True or False:

In Soil Salinization

plant growth is reduced which leads to a reduction in agricultural production and, the health of the environment and also affects the economy

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True

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cause dispersion in the clayey type of soil and convert it into degraded soil

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Sodium Salt

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the loss of the upper fertile layer of the soil that contains OM and nutrients

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Soil Fertility Decline

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are key indicators of soil health and are associated with other aspects of soil quality.

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Soil C, N, and P stores

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related to human activities like deforestation, poor soil management, and overgrazing

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Soil Fertility Decline

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The low productivity of soils in developing countries is partly attributed to human-induced soil degradation

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Soil Fertility Decline

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Soil fertility is reduced by the pollutants' (___) pollutants reduce the activity of microbes

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Agrochemical

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3 things reduce soil fertility

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Salinization

Alkalinization

Acidification

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The reactive fraction of ___ in soils dictates their toxicity to plants, microbes, and humans.

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Heavy Metals (HM)

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True or False:

High concentration of HMs in the (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu) soil affects soil quality and productivity which is a disturbing situation worldwide

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True

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Alter or influence the and components of the Earth's various interconnected systems.

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Human Activities

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These systems include the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), lithosphere (land), biosphere (living organisms), and the interactions among them.

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Human Activities

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Restoration of Physical Degraded soil

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Terrace Farming

Vegetative cover

Deep-ploughing

Micro catchment

Mulching

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Restoration of Chemical & Biological Degraded soils

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Balance-fertilization

Zero/No tillage

Soil amendments

Revegetation & Crop rotation

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Soil Reclamation in Heavy Metal Soil (In Situ)

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Bioremediation

Strive for transgenic plant

Soil flushing

Surface capping

Immobilization

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Soil Reclamation in Heavy Metal Soil (Ex Situ)

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Landfilling

Soil washing

Solidification

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is the process of converting disturbed or damaged land to its former or other productive uses.

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Land Reclamation