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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Techniques for ______ data collection include experiments, surveys, content analyses, and existing statistics.
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Quantitative
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Researchers create situations and examine their effects on participants.
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Experiments
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Experimental research closely follows the logic and principles found in _________ __________ research.
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Natural Science
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A researcher conducts _________ in laboratories or in real life with a relatively small number of people and a well-focused research question.
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Experiments
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Experiments are most effective for _____________ research.
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explanatory
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In a typical experiment, the researcher divides the research participants into ______ or more groups. He then treats both groups ______, except that one group but not the other is given a condition he or she is interested in: the "________"
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two
identically treatment |
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By controlling the settings for both groups and giving only one group the treatment, the researcher can conclude that any differences occurring in the reactions of the groups are due to the ___________ alone.
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treatment
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In ________ research we ask people questions in a written questionnaire or during an interview and then record answers.
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survey
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In survey research, we do not manipulate a _______ or ______; we simply ask many people numerous ________ in a short period of time.
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situation
condition questions |
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We can use survey techniques in _______ or _______ research.
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descriptive
explanatory |
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Surveys give us a picture of what many people ______ or report _______.
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think
doing |
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Surve researchers often use a sample or smaller group of selected people (e.g. ____ students) but _____ results to a _____ group (e.g. 5,000 students) from which the smaller group was _______.
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150
generalize larger selected |
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A _____ _______ is a technique for examining information, or content, in written or symbolic material (pictures, movies, song lyrics)
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content analysis
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In content analysis, we first identify a _____ of ____ to analyze (e.g., books, newspapers, films) and then create a system for recording ______ aspects of it.
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body
material specific |
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Content analysis often measures information in the content as _______ and present it as ______ or ______. This technique lets researchers discover features in the content of large amounts of material that might otherwise go ________.
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numbers
tables graphs unnoticed |
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we can use content analysis for ________ and _________ research, but we primarily use it in _______ research
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exploratory
explanatory descriptive |
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Content analysis is primarily used in _______ research
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descriptive
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The empirical evidence or information that a person gathers carefully according to established rules or procedures; it can be qualitative or quantitative
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Data
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Research that attempts to solve a concrete problem or address a specific policy question and that has a direct, practical application.
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Applied research
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A type of applied social research in which a researcher treats knowledge as a form of power and abolishes the division between creating knowledge and using knowledge to engage in political action.
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Action research
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Research in which one "paints a picture" with words or numbers, presents a profile, outlines stages, or classifies types.
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Descriptive research
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Research in which a researcher examines a single point in time or take a one-time snapshot approach.
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Cross-sectional research
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A type of longitudinal research in which a researcher focuses on a category of people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period.
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Cohort Study
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Research, usually qualitative, on one or a small number of cases in which a researcher carefully examines a large number of details about each case.
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Case Study
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Research in which one examines patterns of symbolic meaning within written text, audio, visual, or other communication medium
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Content analysis
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Complex, multidimensional concepts that have subtypes. They are parts of social theories between one simple concept and a full theoretical explanation.
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Classification concept
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An approach to inquiry or social theory in which one begins with abstract ideas and principles then works towards concrete, empirical evidence to test the ideas.
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Deductive approach
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A statement in social theory about why events occur that is expressed in terms of causes and effects. They correspond to associations in the empirical world.
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Causal explanation
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When an experimenter lies to research participants about the true nature of an experiment or creates a false impression through his or her actions or the setting.
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Deception
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A design to reduce creating inequality; it is when a study group that gets no treatment in the first phase of the experiment becomes the group with the treatment in the second phase, and vice versa.
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Crossover design
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Research participants remain anonymous or nameless.
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Anonymity
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Information with participants names attached, but the researcher holds it in confidence or keeps it secret from the public.
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Confidentiality
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Theories of knowing.
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Epistemology
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Knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience
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Empiricism
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Research designed to advance fundamental knowledge about the social world.
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Basic research
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Research in which one intervenes or does something to a group of people but not to another, then compares results for the two groups
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Experimental research
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A type of applied research in which one tries to determine how well a program or policy is working or reaching its goals and objectives.
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Evaluation research
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Research in which one examines numerical information from government documents or official reports to address new research questions.
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Existing statistics research
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A type of qualitative research in which a researcher directly observes the people being studies in a natural setting for an extended period. Often, the researcher combines intense observing with participation in the people's social activities.
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Field research
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Research in which one examines different cultures or periods to better understand the world.
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Historical comparative research
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Social theory that is rooted in observations of specific, concrete details.
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Grounded theory
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A type of social theory based on biological analogies, in which the social world or its parts are seen as systems, with its parts serving the needs of the system.
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Functional theories
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An agreement by participants stating they are willing to be in a study after they learn something about what the research procedure will involve.
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Informed consent
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(IRB) A committee of researchers and community members that oversees, monitors, and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants and applies ethical guidelines by reviewing research procedures at a preliminary stage when first proposed.
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Institutional review boards
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Research in which the researcher examines the features of people or other units at multiple points in time.
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Longitudinal Research
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A powerful type of longitudinal research in which a researcher observes exactly the same people, group, or organization across multiple time points.
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Panel study
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A pure model about an idea, process, or event. One develops it to think about it more clearly and systematically. It is used both as a method of quantitative data analysis and in social theory building.
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Ideal type
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An approach to inquiry or social theory in which one begins with concrete empirical details, then works towards abstract ideas or general principles.
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Inductive approach
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An approach based on laws or one that operates according to a system of laws.
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Nomothetic
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A statement about something that is likely to occur in the future.
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Prediction
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An association between two variables such that as values on one variable increase, values on the other variable fall or decrease.
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Negative relationship (or inverse relationship)
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An association between two variables such that as values on one increase, values on the other also increase.
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Positive relationship
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Theories of being
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Ontology
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A general organizing framework for social theory and empirical research. It includes basic assumptions, major questions to be answered, models of good research practice and theory, and methods for finding the answers to questions.
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Paradigm
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observable in some way
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empirical
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An idea in critical social science that social theory and everyday practice interact or work together, mutually affecting one another. This interaction can promote social change.
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Praxis
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What are the three characteristics of science?
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1.) empirical
2.) rational 3.) skeptical |
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Characteristic of science that relates that the study doesn't accept anything at face value and can even be self-critical.
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Skeptical
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Asks, "does it measure what it is supposed to measure"?
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Validity
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science needs to be _______ and ________.
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valid and reliable
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Asks, "is the variable stable over repeated measures?"
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Reliability
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the idea that scientists, in attempting to uncover truths about the natural world, must aspire to eliminate personal biases, a priori commitments, emotional involvement, etc
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Objectivity
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Asks, "Are there adequate controls for bias?"
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Objectivity
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A type of unethical behavior in which a researcher fakes or invents data that he or she did not really collect, or fails to honestly and fully report how he or she conducted a study.
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Research fraud
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The process of creating new knowledge using the ideas, techniques, and rules of the scientific community.
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Scientific method
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A type of existing statistics research using data from a past study
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Secondary data analysis
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Information in the form of words, pictures, sounds, visual images, or objects
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Qualitative data
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Social theories and explanations about the middle level of social reality between a broad and narrow scope, such as the development and operation of social organizations, communities, or social movements over a five-year period.
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Meso-level theory
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Social theories and explanations about the concrete, small-scale, and narrow level of realist, such as face-to-face interaction in small groups during a two month period.
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Micro-level theory
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Social theories and explanations about more abstract, large scale, broad scope aspects of social reality, such as social change in major institutions (e.g. the family, education. ect.) in a whole nation across several decades.
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Macro-level theory
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When someone engages in research fraud, plagiarism, or other unethical conduct that significantly deviates from the accepted practice for conducting and reporting research within the scientific community.
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Scientific misconduct
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A German word that translated as understanding; specifically, it means an empathetic understanding of another's worldview
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Verstehen
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A person who sees ethical wrongdoing, tries to correct is internally but then informs an external audience, agency, or the media
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Whistle-blowing
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