Sociology Unit 3

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social inequality

Back 1

a condition in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.

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Stratification

Back 2

A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.

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Ascribed status

Back 3

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents of characteristics.

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Achieved status

Back 4

a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts.

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slavery

Back 5

a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by others as property

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caste

Back 6

a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile.

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estate system

Back 7

a system of stratification under which peasant were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. also known as feudalism

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class system

Back 8

a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility

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social mobility

Back 9

movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

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open system

Back 10

a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status

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closed system

Back 11

a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility

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horizontal mobility

Back 12

the movement of an individual from one social position to another the same rank

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vertical mobility

Back 13

the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank

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intergenerational mobility

Back 14

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

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intragenerational mobility

Back 15

changes in social position within a person's adult life.

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capitalism

Back 16

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

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capitalism

Back 17

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

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bourgeoisie

Back 18

Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production

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proletariat

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karl marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society

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class consciousness

Back 20

in karl marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change

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dominant ideology

Back 21

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

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false consciousness

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a term used by karl marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

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class

Back 23

a group of people who have a similar level of economic resources

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status group

Back 24

people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position

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party

Back 25

the capacity to organize to accomplish some particular goal

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cultural capital

Back 26

our tastes, knowledge, attitudes, language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interaction with others

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prestige

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the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society

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esteem

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the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation

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socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 29

a measure of class that is based on income, education, occupation, and related variables

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income

Back 30

wages and salaries measured over some period, such as per hour or year

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wealth

Back 31

the total of all a person's material assets, including savings, land, stocks, and other types of property, minus his or her debt at a single point in time

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absolute poverty

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a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below

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relative poverty

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a floating standard of deprivation by which people at hat bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole

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underclass

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the long-term poor who lack training and skills

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life changes

Back 35

the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.

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digital divide

Back 36

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries

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sex

Back 37

the biological differences between males and females

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gender

Back 38

the social and cultural significance that we attach to the biological differences of sex

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homophobia

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fer of and prejudice against homosexuality

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multiple masculinity

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the idea that men learn and play a full range of gender roles

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instrumental leader

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the person in the family who bears responsibility for the completion of tasks, focuses on more distant goals, and manages the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

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expressive leader

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the person in the family who bears responsibility for the maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs

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glass ceiling

Back 43

an invisible barrier that block the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity

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second shift

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the double burden work outside the home followed by child care and housework that many women face and few men share equitably

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sexism

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the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

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institutional discrimination

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a pattern of treatment that systematically denies a group access to resources and opportunities as part of society's normal operations

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feminism

Back 47

the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

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gerontology

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the study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged

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disengagement theory

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a theory of aging that suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships

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activity theory

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a theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted

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ageism

Back 51

prejudice and discrimination based on person's age

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hospice care

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treatment of the terminally ill in their own homes, or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them to die comfortably without pain.

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minority group

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a subordinate group whose members, even if they represent a numeric majority, have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have theirs.

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racial group

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a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance

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ethic group

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a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

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racial formation

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a prehistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited,transformed, and destroyed

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stereotype

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an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

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prejudice

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a negative attitude toward an entire attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority

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ethnocentrism

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the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.

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racism

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the belief tht one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

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hate crim

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a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation

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color-blind racism

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the use of race-neutral principle to perpetuate a racially unequal status quo

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discrimination

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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons

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racial profiling

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any police initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

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institutional discrimination

Back 65

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

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affirmative action

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positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

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exploitation theory

Back 67

a belief that views racial subordination in the United stats as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism

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contact hypothesis

Back 68

the theory that in cooperative circumstances interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice

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genocide

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the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

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expulsion

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the systematic removal of a group of people from society

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amalgamation

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the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group

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assimilation

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the process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

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segregation

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the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group

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apatheid

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a former policy of the south African government, designed to maintain he separation of Blacks and other non-whites from the dominant whites.

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pluralism

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mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various group in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice

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black power

Back 76

a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions

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model
ideal minority

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a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination

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anti-semistism

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anti-jewish prejudice

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symbolic ethnicity

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an ethnic identity that emphasize concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deepr ties to one's ethnic heritage