Sociology Test 4

Front 1

_____________ is hierarchical arrangement
of large social groups based on their control
over basic resources.

Back 1

Social Stratification

Front 2

___________ are the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.

Back 2

Life Chances

Front 3

A _____ (class) system is flexible and is ACHIEVED status based.

EX: Bill Clinton – Rags to Riches – 42nd U.S. President

Back 3

Open system

Front 4

A _____ (caste) system is rigid and is ASCRIBED status based.

EX: “Korean Fisherman” on the TV series “LOST"

Back 4

Closed system

Front 5

___________ is the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another.

Back 5

Social Mobility

Front 6

____________ mobility is the social movement (upward or downward) experienced by family members from one generation to the next.

EX: SES achievement better than parents, grandparents, etc

Back 6

INTERgenerational mobility

Front 7

____________ mobility is the social movement (upward or downward) of individuals within their own lifetime.

EX: SES achievement within your own life-span

Back 7

INTRAgenerational mobility

Front 8

_____ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others.

Back 8

Slavery

Front 9

modern-day “debt labor” or “contract labor”
or other forms of indebtedness – _______ equivalent

Back 9

functionally equivalent

Front 10

__________ is a system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents ascribed characteristics.

Back 10

Caste System

Front 11

____________ (relationship to “means of production”) is a type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work that people do.

Back 11

Class system

Front 12

________ is Karl Marx's term for the class that consists of those who own and control the means of production. (capitalist class)

Back 12

Bourgeoisie

Front 13

______ is Karl Marx's term for those who must sell their labor to the owner's in order to earn enough money to survive.

Back 13

Proletariat

Front 14

______ is Karl Marx's term for a feeling of powerlessness ad estrangement from other people and from oneself.

Back 14

Alienation

Front 15

SES = __________ (Webber)

Back 15

Socioeconomic status

Front 16

Webber said that CLASS is a combination of 3 components (socioeconomic status):

Back 16

1.) Wealth
2.) Prestige
3.) Power

Front 17

According to Webber, ______ is income, assets, & income-producing property.

Back 17

Wealth

Front 18

According to Webber, ______ is respect given to a position (status) or person.

Back 18

Prestige

Front 19

According to Webber, ______ is ability to achieve goals despite opposition

Back 19

Power

Front 20

According to Webber, what does SES =? (3)

Back 20

Income

Education

Occupation

Front 21

___________ is Karl Marx's term for the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class.

Back 21

Class Conflict

Front 22

Distribution of INCOME:
The bottom __% of the population makes 50% of the income.

Back 22

80%

Front 23

Distribution of INCOME:
The top __% of the population makes 50% of the income.

Back 23

20%

Front 24

Distribution of WEALTH:
The top __% of people have 42% of the wealth.

Back 24

01%

Front 25

Distribution of WEALTH:
The top __% of people have 72% of the wealth.

Back 25

10%

Front 26

Distribution of WEALTH:
The bottom __% of people have 28% of the wealth.

Back 26

90%

Front 27

How the "AVERAGE" family fares:
__% of families live in the "Comfortable" range; over $75,000

Back 27

18.6%

Front 28

How the "AVERAGE" family fares:
__% of families live in the "Coping" range; between $25,000 - $75,000.

Back 28

53%

Front 29

How the "AVERAGE" family fares:
__% of families live in the "Deprived" range; less than $25,000.

Back 29

28.4%

Front 30

The _______ perspective is that inequality isn't only inevitable but necessary; motivates workers.

Back 30

Functionalist

Front 31

The Davis-Moore thesis, which has become the definitive FUNCTIONALIST explanation (PERSPECTIVE) for SOCIAL INEQUALITY, can be summarized as follows: (5)

Back 31

1. All societies – tasks / positions need to be filled
2. Some skills are more important for Social Survival
3. Most important positions need most qualified people
4. Highly reward positions – require talent, or long training
5. Highly reward positions that are functionally unique

Front 32

______(functionalist) is a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials;

Back 32

Meritocracy

Front 33

What are the 2 things that are ignored concerning the thesis of meritocracy?

Back 33

- inherited wealth / social capital advantage
- Economic deprivation can be de-motivating

Front 34

_____________ states that inequality isn't necessary and that it doesn't serve as motivation; they argue that powerful individuals and groups use ideology to maintain their favored positions at the expense of others. (false ideology)

Back 34

Conflicts perspective

Front 35

According to Goffman (symbolic interactionist), ______ is a type of ceremonial activity that functions as a symbolic means whereby appreciation is regularly conveyed to a recipient. (affirms un-equal status, also social capital (skills))

Back 35

Deference

Front 36

The _________ can be summarized as: Material Conditions = Culture = Worldview Perpetuates Class

Back 36

Symbolic Interactionist perspective (symbolic interactions)

Front 37

____ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of (perceived)
real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin
color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively
selected attributes.

Back 37

Race

Front 38

______ is a collection of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics

Back 38

Ethnicity

Front 39

A _____ group is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.

Back 39

dominant

Front 40

A _____ group is one whose members because of physical or cultural characteristics are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

Back 40

subordinate

Front 41

_____ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic or other groups. (Sex & Gender too)

Back 41

Prejudice

Front 42

________ are over-generalizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. (Sex & Gender too)

Back 42

Stereotypes

Front 43

______ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the
superior treatment of one racial / ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Back 43

Racism

Front 44

________ is actions or practices by dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

Back 44

Discrimination

Front 45

________ consists of one-on-one acts by members of a dominant-group that harm members of a subordinate group, or their property.

Back 45

Individual Discrimination

Front 46

________ consists of day to day practices of organizations and institutions (but usually carried out by individuals) that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

Back 46

Institutional Discrimination

Front 47

Discrimination can be based on: (5)

Back 47

race
ethnicity
sex
gender
age

Front 48

____ is the biological & anatomical differences between females and males.

Back 48

Sex

Front 49

______ sex characteristics are the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

Back 49

Primary sex characteristics

Front 50

_____ sex characteristics are the physical traits (other than the reproductive organs) that identify an individuals sex

Back 50

Secondary sex Characteristics

Front 51

A ______ is a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

Back 51

Hermaphrodite

Front 52

A ______ is a person who believes that he or she was born with a body of the wrong sex.

Back 52

Transsexual

Front 53

A ____ is a male who lives as a woman or a female who lives as a man but doesn't alter their genitalia.

Back 53

Transvestite

Front 54

__________ is a person's preference for a emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homo), or both (bisexuality)

Back 54

Sexual Orientation

Front 55

What are the 3 ways to classify sexual orientation according to the university of Chicago?

Back 55

a. sexual attraction
b. sexual involvement
c. self-identification

Front 56

_____ is the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity”

Back 56

Gender

Front 57

The Social Significance of ____ = assumptions of value/ability g/b)

Back 57

The social significance of gender

Front 58

_______ is the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

Back 58

Gender Role

Front 59

________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male.

Back 59

Gender Identity

Front 60

______ is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

Back 60

Sexism

Front 61

________ is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

Back 61

Patriarchy

Front 62

________ is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women.

Back 62

Matriarchy

Front 63

Gender and socialization are similar to issues for ____ and ____

Back 63

race and ehtnicity

Front 64

What are the 3 factors for determining gender division of labor in society?

Back 64

• Type of subsistence base.

• Supply of and demand for labor.

• The extent to which women's childrearing
activities are compatible with
certain types of work.

Front 65

According to data published by the AFL-CIO, women earn approximately __% of a man’s income.

Back 65

80%

Front 66

______ is a term used to describe the disparity between women's and men's earnings.

Back 66

Pay Gap

Front 67

__________ (or pay equity) is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of the job, not the gender or race of the worker.

Back 67

Comparable Worth

Front 68

According to feminist scholars, women experience _________ as a result of past and present economic, political, and educational discrimination.

Back 68

gender inequality

Front 69

_____________ refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs, and places of work.

Back 69

Gender-Segregated work

Front 70

_________ is behavior that shows favoritism towards one gender or the other.

Back 70

Gender Bias

Front 71

A ________ is a person or group that's incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

Back 71

scapegoat

Front 72

In ancient Greece & Rome a person's race was the group to which he or she belonged, associated with ancestral _____ & _____.

Back 72

Place & Culture

Front 73

From the middle ages to about the 18th century, a person's race was based on _________ to a national group.

Back 73

Family Line

Front 74

In the mid 1800's, race was inaccurately defined as distinct biological categories with ____ on top and ____ on the bottom, slowing the advancement of the bottom race.

Back 74

Whites on top

Blacks on bottom

Front 75

Despite much evidence to the contrary, many people still assume that _______ still exists. In fact, very little genetic difference within population.

Back 75

racial purity

Front 76

What are the 3 main eating disorders when talking about social significance of gender?

Back 76

Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity

Front 77

Sociologist Thompson argues that, based on stereotypes, the primary victims of eating disorders are _________. However, such disorders also exist among women of color, working class women, and some men.

Back 77

White, middle class, heterosexual women

Front 78

_______ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

Back 78

Subsistence

Front 79

__________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.

Back 79

technoeconomic base

Front 80

Some parents prefer having a ____ because of the stereotypical ideas about their relative importance to the future of family and society.

Back 80

Boys

Front 81

Male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do ______ things than female groups place on girls to do ______ things.

Back 81

Masculine

Feminine