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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do liberals want freedom to do?
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Act in the spiritual realm
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What do liberals oppose? |
Censorship, government control of ideas, of the arts, of the press, and education
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What does liberals advocate?
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Government control of material production, of business, employment, wages, profits, of all physical property
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What do conservatives want freedom to do?
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Set in the material realm
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What do conservatives tend to oppose?
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Government control of production, of industry, trade, business, of physical goods and material wealth
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What do conservatives advocate for?
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Government control of man's spirit, state's right to determine moral values, to create an enforce a governmental establishment of morality, to rule the intellect
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What do libertarians affirm?
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The rights of individuals to liberty and property; considers the production of individual rights the primary role of the state
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Right Libertarianism
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Natural resources may be appropriated without the consent of others
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Left Libertarianism
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Unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner; Requires those who claim rights over natural resources to make a payment to others for the values of those rights
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Power
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The ability to exert one's will over others
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When is it sometimes necessary to use force?
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To make interests count
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What is all political life about?
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Power
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Authority
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A government's rightfully exercised or legitimate use of power
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State
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A political structure ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use military force; The long term ideology of a country or territory (The U.S. constitution)
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Where are states rarely found?
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In hunting and gathering, and most egalitarian societies
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Nation-State
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State in which the government has sovereign power within a defined territory and citizens knows they are part of a single nation
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Why is the United States considered a nation-state and England isn't?
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Because Obama represents the U.S. and is the head of the military. In England, the Queen represents the U.K. and the prime minister controls the military.
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Sovereignty
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The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area; Notion that a government possesses authority over an area having clear-cut borders within which it has supreme power
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Citizens
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Members of a political community having both rights and duties associated with that memership
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Nationalism
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A set of beliefs and systems expressing identification with a national community (Patriotism in the United States)
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Local Nationalism
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The beliefs that communities that share a cultural identity should political autonomy, even within smaller units of a nation-state
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Work
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The carrying out of tasks that require the expenditure of mental and physical effort; Has as its objective the production of goods and services that cater to human needs
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Occupation
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Any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works
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What is Taylorism AKA Scientific Management?
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A set of ideas developed by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry
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What did Taylor think could make us powerful?
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The stopwatch
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What did Taylor say we can treat work as?
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A science
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What were the principles of Taylorism?
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Replace "rule of thumb" work methods with methods based on scientific study of tasks, scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively let them train themselves, cooperate with workers to ensure that scientifically developed methods are being followed, divide work nearly equally between managers and workers
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What is Fordism?
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The system of production developed by Henry Ford in which the assembly line was introduced
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What did Fordism address?
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Efficiency and motivation
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What kind of workers did Ford use?
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Unskilled, not specialized workers
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What did Ford do to reduce turnover (people joining then leaving the factories)?
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He proposed the idea of profit-sharing, higher wages, and fewer hours (9 to 8)
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What set of principles did Ford utilize in the assembly line?
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Taylorism
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Why did increasing wages also allow factory workers to do?
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Buy Ford cars
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Automation
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Production processes monitored and controlled by machines with only minimal supervision from people
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Post-Fordism
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-Flexible business structures, use of automation -Less mass production, more customization and innovation -Some jobs being outsourcces |
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Why do we work??
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To structure one's time (give rhythm to daily life), form social contracts (make new friends and engage in social activities through work), develop a personal identity (work boosts self-esteem), make money (necessary for survival or to meet needs), increase activity level (acquire and use skills at work), variety (contrast in work vs domestic life)
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What are "cobots?"
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Robots that assist humans, work with them to ensure safety, and decrease exertion
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What happens when both cobots and humans are used together?
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Efficency increases
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Informal Economy
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Economic transactions carried out outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment (unpaid work, volunteering, off-the-books cash transactions/underground economy)
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Division of Labor
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The specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system
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Skills Gap
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When there aren't enough skilled workers in different fields and occupations
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Knowledge Economy
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When society is no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge
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Portfolio Workers
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When a worker has a variety of different skills and qualifications so that they can move easily from job to job
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Low-trust Work
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Work setting in which people are allow little responsbility for or control over the work task (most exploitable, more replacable)
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High-trust Work
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Individuals are permitted a great deal of autonomy and control over the work task (less replaceable)
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Karl Marx on Alientation
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The sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities
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What did Marx say about work in capitalist society?
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It is dehumanzing and demeaning because humans by nature want to be in control, creative, and cooperative
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Family
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A group of individuals that are either related to one another through blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit
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Nuclear Family
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A family group consisting of a wife, a husband, and dependent children - living in the same location; number of nuclear families decreasing
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Extended Family
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A family group consisting of more than two generations of relatives living either within the same household or very close to one another; number of extended families increasing
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Kinship
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A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption (a degree of relatedness)
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Marriage
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A legally approved relationship between two individuals
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Matrilocal Family
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Family where husband is expected to live near the wife's parents
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Patrilocal Family
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Family where wife is expected to live near the husband's parents
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Monogamy
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Each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time
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Polygamy
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A person may have two or more spouses simutaneously
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Given the growing rate of acceptance (7 to 16), when does the NYT think polygamy will be legal in the United States?
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2040
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Polygyny
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Marriage where a man can have two or more wives
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Polyandry
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Marriage where a woman can two or more husbands
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Why is polyandry a common practice in some regions?
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Some regions have a limited number of land; It makes sense to split up this land by families
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Primary Socialization (Structural Functionalism)
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Children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born
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Personality Stabilization (Structural Functionalism)
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Role that the family plays in assisting its adult members emotionally
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What are delays in marriage due to?
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Cohabitation (living together without being married), education of women, women's labor force participation, modernization and secularization of attitudes
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Asian American Families
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Extended family more important than the individual, higher median income rates than non-Hispanic whites
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Native American Families
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Strong kinship ties (especially on reservations), high rates of intermarriage, low birthrates, high rates of birth outside of marriage, high rates of divorce and intermarriage
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Latino Families
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Different national origin create diverse family patterns, high birth rates, high rates of working women, high non-marital fertility (Puerto Ricans)
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African Americans
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High non-marital fertility, more female-headed households among poor, large extended families, complex family support networks
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What are the reasons for divorce?
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Laws have made it easier to divorce, marriage is no longer necessary for a women's survival, life expectancy is higher, satisfaction with one's relationship is more important than satisfaction with marriage
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Civil Rights
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Rights of an individual that are established by law, constitution, amendments, and subsequent acts of congress
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Political Rights
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Right of a political participator to run for political office and to vote
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Social Rights
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Rights of at least minimum economic welfare and security, right to claim unemployment benefits, right to sickness payments provided by the state (disability), right to a minimum wage
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Welfare State
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A political system that provides a wide range of material welfare benefits for its citizens (Swedish Welfare State Model)
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C. Wright Mills and the Power Elite
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Small networks of individuals (Federal Government, corporations, and the military) hold concentrated power in modern socieites
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Pluralist Theories
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There are multiple centers of power in a democracy that are balanced out by competing interests vying for influence over government policies
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Social Movements
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Large groups of people who seek to accomplish or to block a process of social change through action outside of established institutions
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Revolution
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A process of political change involving the mobilizing of a mass social movement, which by the use of violence successfully overthrows an existing regime and forms a new government
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Why do social movements occur?
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Economic deprivation, relative deprivation, resource mobilization
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Relative Deprivation
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Deprivation a person feels by comparing himself with a group; A social protest that happens when conditions improve
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Resource Mobilization (Collective Action)
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Action undertaken in a relatively spontaneous way by a large number of people assembled together
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