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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is secularization? |
The process by which the dominance of religion is reduced. Example: separation of church and state, teaching science in schools instead of mandatory religion classes. |
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What are some form of religious organization? |
Supernaturalism: There is no discontinuity between the world of the senses and the supernatural; all natural phenomena are a part of one single force Anism: All forms of life and all aspects of the Earth are inhabited by Gods or supernatural powers Theism: Conceives as separate from humans and from other things on earth; includes: monotheism and polytheism |
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What are the major theoretical perspectives on religion? |
Functionalist: role of religions in contributing to overall social order and stability Interactionalist: use of religious symbols, rituals, and beliefs to create a shared definition of religious experience Conflict: (Marx) religion as controlled by the economy and promoting values of the dominant class Max Weber: religion is a catalyst for social change (protestant work ethic and change?) |
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What are the major theoretical perspectives in education? |
Functionalist: It transmittes culture, promotes social and political integration, maintains social control, serves as an agent of change; credentialism: increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter field Conflict: bestowal of status: schools tend to preserve social class inequalities in each new generation--education is an instrument of elite domination Schools socialize students into values dictated by the powerful and stifle individualism and creativity |
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What is correspondence principle? |
Promotes values expected of individuals in each social class; perpetuates social class divisions |
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What is tracking? |
Practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria |
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What is hidden curriculum? |
Standards of behavior deemed proper by society and taught subtly in schools |
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What is teacher expectancy? |
Impact of teacher expectations and their large role on student performance |
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What are the political-economic learned in this chapter? |
Laissez-fair capitalism, welfare capitalism, socialism, and democratic socialism |
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What is laissez-fair capitalism? |
Form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention |
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What is wellfare capitalism? |
Markets determine what goods will be produced, but the government regulates competition |
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What is socialism? |
Distribution of resources according to needs regulate economic activity of: collective ownership of production central planning distribution without profit motive |
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What is democratic socialism? |
Allows private property and ownership, but requires large corporations to be run for the benefit of public interest |
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What are the authority types? |
Traditional authority, legal-rational authority, and charismatic authority |
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What is traditional authority? |
Legitimate power obtained by custom and accepted practice |
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What is legal-rational authority? |
Power made legitimate by supremacy of law |
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What is charismatic authority? |
Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal/emotional appeal to his or her followers |
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What is the power elite/pluralist model? |
Many conflicting groups have access to government, so that no single group is dominant Triangle: Top--Corporate rich, executive branch, military branch Middle--Interest group leaders, legislators, local opinion leaders Bottom--Unorganized, exploited masses |
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What is demography? |
Study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations Example: census |
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What is growth rate? |
The difference between birth and deaths plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants. (Birth rate - death rate) + (immigration - emigration) |
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What is Malthusian theory? |
World's population is growing more rapidly than available food supply and energy resources |
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What are demographic transitions? |
Change from high birth rates and death rates to relatively low birth rates and death rates (functionalist) Three Stages: Pretransition Stage, Transition stage (Industrialization), and Post Transition stage (Industrial/post industrial) |
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What is social epidemiology? |
Study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population |
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What is social/human ecology? |
Examines relationships between people and their physical relationships |
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What is Urbanization? |
Process by which an increasing proportion of a population live in cities |
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What is concentric-zone theory? |
Views urban expansion as a series of signs radiating from the central business district. |
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What is Multiple-nuclei theory? |
Views expansion as emerging from several centers of development, each reflecting an urban need of activity. |
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What is collective behavior? |
Relatively spontaneous and unstructured ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop within a group as a result of interaction among participants. Examples: riots, manias, fads, lynchings, religious revivals |
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What are social movements? |
Persistent, organized effort on the part of a relatively large number of people to bring about or resist social change |
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What is social change? |
Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultures |
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What is resource mobilization? |
Ways in which a social movement utilize resources |
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What is false consciousness? |
Attitudes that do not reflect workers' objective social position (limited awareness of collective interest) |
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What are the models of social change? |
Equilibrium model (functionalist) and relative deprivation (conflict) |
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What is the equilibrium model? |
As changes occur in one part of society, there must be adjustments in other parts. |
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What is relative deprivation? |
Conscious feeling of negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present activities |
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What is stratification and inequality? |
Technology may intensify inequality--"digital divide" Poor may be isolated from mainstream society into an information ghetto |
