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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gender
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Socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with each sex
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Sex
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the biological make-up that determines whether you are male or female
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Social Construction of Gender
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- connects face- to face interaction with institutional structure and socialization
- how we work & interact - people have been taught "norms' |
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biological determinism
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uses differences in sexes to justify inequalities
(ex: men stronger- they should be able to do certain jobs) |
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Gender socially constructed?
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Yes, on a mico-level intercation
- we learn about gender when we are little |
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Gender
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Socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with each sex
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Sex
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the biological make-up that determines whether you are male or female
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Social Construction of Gender
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- connects face- to face interaction with institutional structure and socialization
- how we work & interact - people have been taught "norms' |
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biological determinism
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uses differences in sexes to justify inequalities
(ex: men stronger- they should be able to do certain jobs) |
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Gender socially constructed?
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Yes, on a mico-level intercation
- we learn about gender when we are little |
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Gender Roles
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Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of a male or female
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Lopata and Thorne
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- No predetermined sex roles- roles are "gendered female"
- given roles through social structure - need to know what gender is appropriate (ex: boy or girl toys) |
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Messerschmidt
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-tomboys and vioent girls
- rejected female roles - recognized disadvantages to acting female (spent more time w/dad less doing chores) |
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Is sex socially constructed?
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Yes, where do we understand what is make and female?
- you can change to be what sex you want |
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gender Role Expectations
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ex: women in high rank. law firm- still asked to get coffee or write stuff down because she is the women expected of knowing how to do that
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Mexican and Chinese Immigrants
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-gender roles more fixed in these cultures
- immigrate- have to adopt other roles to survive - when they stabalize continue to work hard & do adapted roles |
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Cultural norms
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can change as a result of actual experience
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African Americans
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-show more support for feminism and equality of men and women
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Af. amer. Women
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-more likely to not gender stereotype
-have a more active role in household shaping childs viewpoints of gender roles |
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Functionalist Persp. (Gender)
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-promotes stability
- form div. of labor - easy to designate roles (ex: women- emotional, men- tasks & linking to community) |
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Conflict Pers. (gender)
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- competition bet. groups
- men institute power - benefits them - women paid less -DEVALUATION-historically of womens worth |
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Feminist Pers. (Gender)
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- want to bring about social change
-social construction of knowledge ( on did heart disease research on men at first) - beliefs that support women |
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Doing Gender
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West & Zimmerman
- complex of socially guided activities - Preformance of gender - micro (ex: men more likely to interrupt women speaking vs. women interrupting men) |
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Peralta
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-binge Drinking
- men become more violent - use drinking as excuse to do things - drink or eat- calories in girls |
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Glass cieling
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invisible barrier blocking the ability for a promotion based on gender, race, or ethnicity
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"business as usual"
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social norms
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Institutional discrimination
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-unequal rights or opportunities- resulting from the normal operations of a society (ex: men have higher car insurance)
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Pink collar positions
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lower paying jobs- nurses, dental hygenists, nursery workers
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Budig
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"glass elevator"
-men in pink collar positions - get promoted quickly whereas women wouldn't |
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Institutional benefits
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- not given to homosexual couples
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Double Jeapordy
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-qualitative additive model
(ex: woman + black + disabled) - adds up to SUBORDINATE status quo |
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Matrix of Domination
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- systems of inequality working together
- race/class/gender - qualitative - need to see how diff. structures interact -diff priviledges to men and women |
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Patricia hill Collins
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Matrix of Domination
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Race exists and it matters
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(ex: higher rate of diabetes in Nativ. Amer. )
- social issue, can't ignore |
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Race exists and doesn't matter
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diff. racial groups but it doesn't matter
- "colorblind" - no physical differences |
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Financialist Perspective
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How it servs society
- dysfunction? |
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Changes in Media representation of Men
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-increased body size
-increased gun size - more extreme menacing |
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American Apartheid
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- causes of housing segregation and outcomes
- makes it hard for blacks to move out of poor areas - blacks preferred integrated housing- white wanted all white - segregation |
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Massey and Denton
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American Apartheid
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1968
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Fair housing Act- prevent official segregation of housing
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Consequences of Racial Segregation
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- no jobs in these areas
- poverty in these neighborhoods - bad education systems - more crime |
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Functionalism of Racism
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-Moral Justification
- those in power saty in power- prevents questioning of authority - prejudice grows when the status quo is threatened |
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Status Quo threatened
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(ex: If they felt white race was being threatened, made up excuses to hang black men)
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Moral Justification
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(ex: could treat slaves poorly because they believed blacks were less than human)
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Conflict theory- racism
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Karl marx - exploitation theory
- racial profiling- can pull over whomever in security check |
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exploitation theory
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- dominant group opresses racial minority group to supply: cheap labor
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interactionist theory of Racism
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Contact theory- when people are around other people more, they are able to tolerate them better- must be in similar statuses
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Steering
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Realestate agent is bias and only gives houses to whit ppl
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Great migration
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- When blacks got to the north, not given housing
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1930's National Assesment Standard
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- value of home decreased with # of blacks living in neighborhood
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1948
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unconstitutional to discriminate against selling homes to black ppl
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Minority Group
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A subordinate group with no control
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5 properties of a minority group
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1) Unequal treatment
2) Similar cultural/ physical traits 3) Non voluntary- born into 4) Group solidarity- "in" and "out" groups within group 5) Keep marriage within group |
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Racial Group
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Obvious physical differences
- biological -in reality we are 99.9 % genetically the same |
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social construct
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society places meaning on races socially
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Ethnic Group
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Distinct culture diff. set it apart
- (ex: Latinos)- diff races (Europeans) diff cultures |
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2000 census
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1st year they included mixed races
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1980s census
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would fill out your race for you
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1910- blacks living in south
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89%
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1960s
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civil rights movement
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NAACP
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Nationa Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Asian American
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- group solidarity difficult- language barriers
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Model Minority Myth
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a few Asians migrate to US and do well- myth that all Asians do well (ex: all are good at calculus)
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Native American
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554 tribes- very diff. hard to have group solidarity
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Latino
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-Largest minority in US
-large % in Texas |
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White Ethnic groups
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jewish, italian, irish, etc,
- used to be considered diff. than "white" |
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MacIntosh
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"White Priviledge"
- nearly never minority - always around other white ppl - portrayed pos. on TV - and always find matching band- aid |
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hate Crime
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Motivated by a bias
- black ppl have most |
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Assimilation
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a person leaves their cultural tradition to join another one
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Melting Pot
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Immigrants assimilate to Us culture usually for economic reasons
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1812
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Nativ. amer. kids forced into English schools
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1934
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Indian Reorg. act
- parents get to choose where kids go to school |
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Pluralism
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Multiculturalsim
- mutual respect for on another's cultures |
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Mosaic
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pluralism
- can co-exist together (ex: little tokoyo, harlem) |
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Prejudice
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Neg. ATTITUDE towards ppl
- pre-judging ppl based on appearance |
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Rascim
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pre-judging based on race
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ethnocentrism
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when a person believes that their culture is the "right" way
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discrimination
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manifestation of prejudice feelings
- denying equal rights |
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Insitituntional Discrimination
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- process of insititution, not individual
(ex: teacher using old book) (ex: TV using racial characters for ratings) |
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Stratification of Mexico
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Mexico
Poor, Middle, Rich - most illiterate |
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lowest Mexicans
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Mexican Indians
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Middle Mex.
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White/hispanic/ black mix
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rich mexicans
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white- spanish ancestry
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Borderlands
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common culture along border of US and mexico
- day laborers come over border - multi- corps build there - we rely on their labor |
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Globalization
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through trade and exchanging ideas
- rely on other countries- chain |
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Cultural domination
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domination of lesser countries by core countries
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Restructuring
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(ex: jamaica- rely on tourists but are in debt- opened international trade on incoming goods are cheaper than local ones)
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Multinational Corps
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commercial orgs. centered in one country but do business everywhere
- unequal power distribution - could be helping poorer countries - more efficient |
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dependancy theory
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large nations exploit developing nations for their own gain
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Life chances
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How you can provide for yourself
- food available - healthcare - life expectancy - infant mortality - education |
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Social inequality and Mobility
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-over generations
- immigration - natural disasters - labor structures |
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Wallerstein
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3 groups of nations (Core, semi-periph., and periph.)
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core countries
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dominant- richest
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Semi- Periphery
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(china, India, Pakistan, Mexico, Panama)
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periphery
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exploited, controlled (haiti, vietnam, Bolivia)
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Conflict of World Systems Analysis
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- child-labor
- raw materials - long hours - taken from periphery to semi- periph. to develop product - to core country and sold |
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college degree
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raises class
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core countries
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dominant- richest
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Semi- Periphery
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(china, India, Pakistan, Mexico, Panama)
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periphery
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exploited, controlled (haiti, vietnam, Bolivia)
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Conflict of World Systems Analysis
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- child-labor
- raw materials - long hours - taken from periphery to semi- periph. to develop product - to core country and sold |
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college degree
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raises class
increases life chances |
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Intragenerational Mobility
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how we work to change OUR position in life
(ex: walmart clerk moves up to lawyer) |
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Prestige Rankings
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(Ex: police officer has more power than a professor, but a lower prestige score)
(Criminal my make more money, but lower prestige) |
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Prestige scores
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change over time
(ex: after 9/11 firefighters prestige rose) |
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Stratification
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(ex: geology- changes in earth's structure- sediment)
- women poverty raising - sinlge moms- veyr poor |
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consequences of stratification
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impact life chances
(ex: women and children helped first on titanic, lower class not helped) |
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Social Inequality
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- members of society all have diff. amounts of wealth
(Ex: hurricane Katrina- poor told to evacuate, but didn't have any way to leave or anywhere to go) |
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Power
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the ability to exercise one's will over others
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Prestige
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the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in society
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Wealth
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all of a person's material assets
(top 5% richest own 85% of total wealth) |
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Income
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salaries and wages
(top 5% make 50% of income) |
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Marx
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against Capitalism
- those who own production as opposed to work in it - class is critical |
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Class
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ppl with similar wealth and income
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Onjective method
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measures social class & wealth
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Subjective method
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where we rank ourselves in society
- symbolic interactions - assumptions, aspirations, and social norms |
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Reputational method
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"judges" called upon to select members of class
- will be considered of a certain class if others see you that way |
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social mobility
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movement of ppl from one position in society to another
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Open stratification systems
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-encourage competition
- can go up or down based on achievments - achieved statuses |
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Closed stratification systems
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-slavery or caste systems
- based on ascribed statuses - little possibility of moving up or down ladder |
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Slavery
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legalized inequality passed from parent to child
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Castes
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religiously dictated and handed down in families
- "untouchables" lower class |
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Estates
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feudalism
- passed down in generations -no promotions |
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Vertical Mobility
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switch prestiges
- truck driver- go back to school- become accountant |
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Horzontal mobility
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move, but don't switch prestige scores
- airline pilot (60) - to police officer (60) |
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Intergenerational mobility
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changes in social position of children relative to their parents (usually vertical)
- farmer parents- professor child |
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Collins
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gendered profession (dentists)
- boundaries- who is hired - assistants should be middle class white women "respecatble" - created mechanic jobs for lower class males but not enough to threaten the dentits positions |
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household income in Us 2001
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50,000- 74,999$ - largest percent of ppl's income
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proletariat
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working class
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bourgeousie
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capitalist calss, owns production
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class conciousness
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subjective awareness of common interests needed to bring about change
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false conciousness
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attitude held by class which doesn't reflect their objective position
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Interactionist Perspective- stratification
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influences ppl's lifestyles
- conspicuous consumption and leisure |
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Prestige score
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Physician- 86 = highest
Newspaper Vendor- 19 = lowest |
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Absolute poverty
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Australia = highest
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dominant ideology
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cultural beliefs and practices
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esteem
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reputation within an occupation
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relative property
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people at bottom are disadv. compared with the nation as a whole
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informal economy
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the trading of goods not reported to the govt.
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colonialism
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keeping power over people by a foreign power for a long period of time
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human rights
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universal moral rights posessed by all people because they are human
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modernization**
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peripheral nations move from less developed nations to more developed
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modernization theory**
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functionalist
- modernization and dev. will improve ppl's lives |
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Neocolonialism**
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the dependance of former colonies on foreign countries
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remittances**
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"migradollars"
the money that immigrants return to their families of origin |
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white percent of pop
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75 %
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major Asian- american groups in US 2000
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Chinese 21 %
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Major hispanic groups in Us 2000
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Mexican 58.5 %
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Immigration since 1960s
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majority come from outside europe and canada
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most foreign born residents in US
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from Mexico
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affirmative action
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pos. action to recruit minority group members for job opportunities
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anti-semitism
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anti-jew
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amalgamation
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majority and minority group combine to form a new group
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contact hypothesis
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interactionist
- interracial contact btwn. ppl of equal status will reduce prejudice |
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genocide
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systematic killing on an entire ppl or nation
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issei
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Japanese immigrants to US
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Neisei
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Japanese children born in US to parents from Japan
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Segregation
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the physical seperation of 2 groups
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stereotype
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unreliable generalization about all members of a group
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symbolic ethnicity
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emphasizes ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ethnic ties
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Adult labor force
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Japanese have many women workers for 40 yrs.
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second shift
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double burdern- work outside home and inside home (children /housework)
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Instrumentality
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emphasis on tasks- family external relationships
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