Sociology Test 1

Front 1

________ is the systematic study of human society and social interaction.

Back 1

Sociology

Front 2

a. Helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world.
b. Helps us see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and our society.
c. Promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the larger
world order.
These are all reasons why we should ______ ______.

Back 2

study sociology

Front 3

Sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop theories about:

Back 3

How behavior is shaped by group life
How group life is affected by individuals

Front 4

_____ is the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

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The sociological imagination

Front 5

_____ _____ are private problems that affect individuals and the networks of people who they associate with regularly.

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Personal Troubles

Front 6

_____ ____ are problems that affect a large number of people and usually require solutions at the societal level.

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Public issues

Front 7

_____ ____ (early thinker) Considered the “founder of sociology.” His philosophy became known as positivism, believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only
through the use of science rather than religion.

Back 7

August Comte

Front 8

Comte’s philosophy became known as _______— a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.

Back 8

positivism

Front 9

(early thinker) Believed society would improve when:
women and men were treated equally,
enlightened reform occurred,
cooperation existed among all social classes

Back 9

Harriet Martineau

Front 10

(early thinker) Contributed an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change.

Back 10

Herbert Spencer

Front 11

______ ______ is the belief that the human beings best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly
adapted die out.

Back 11

Social Darwinism

Front 12

(early thinker) One of his most important contributions was the concept of social facts.

Back 12

Emile Durkheim

Front 13

________ ______are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but exert social control over each person.

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Social Facts

Front 14

(different views) Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces, Believed class conflict produced social change and a better society, Combined ideas from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.

Back 14

Karl Marx

Front 15

(different views) Believed sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests, Provided insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.

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Max Webber

Front 16

(different views) Theorized about society as a web of patterned interactions among people, Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group. Developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses
attention on the universal recurring social forms that
underlie the varying content of social interaction.

Back 16

George Simmel

Front 17

At what school was the first department of sociology formed?

Back 17

School of chicago

Front 18

Founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago.
One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years.
Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.

Back 18

Jane addams

Front 19

One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both Black and American.

Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of
democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination.

Back 19

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 20

______ _____ are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

Back 20

Functionalist perspective

(functionalism)

Front 21

____ is a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

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Theory

Front 22

_____ functions are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit.

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Manifest functions

Front 23

______ functions are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants.

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Latent Functions

Front 24

______ _______, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

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Conflict perspectives

Front 25

a. Groups continuously struggle for resource control
b. Feminist Approach: Patriarchy devalues the “feminine”
c. Perspective on Teenage Suicide: Social Class, Race, Gender
These are all parts of the _____ theory.

Back 25

Conflict

Front 26

______ ______ - society is the sum of interactions of people and groups.

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Symbolic interactions

Front 27

A _____ is anything that meaningfully represents something else.

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Symbol

Front 28

___ is defined as immediate reciprocally oriented communication between 2 or more people.

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interaction

Front 29

Symbolic interaction's opinion on teenage suicide would be defined as.......

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A move towards life

Front 30

Sociological research is considered to be both _______, (an orderly organized process), and ________ (ongoing, never proven).

Back 30

Systematic
&
Continuous

Front 31

With _____ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.

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Quantitative

Front 32

With ______ research, descriptions (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

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Qualitative

Front 33

The _____ research model, which focuses on qualitative research.

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Conventional research model

Front 34

_____ _____ are specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research.

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Research methods

Front 35

A ___ is a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts.

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Survey

Front 36

A ______ is a data-collecting encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondents questions and records the answers.

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interview

Front 37

In ______ _____, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.

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Secondary analysis

Front 38

______ _____ is the study of social life in its natural setting; interviewing and observing people where they live, work, and play.

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Field research

Front 39

An _______ is a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior.

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Experiment

Front 40

_____ is a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years.

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Ethnography

Front 41

_____ _____ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

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Content Analysis

Front 42

The _____ group contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them

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the experimental group

Front 43

The _____ group contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable.

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the control group

Front 44

______ is a relationship that exists when two variable are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance.

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Correlation

Front 45

1. Full disclosure of all research findings
2. Protection from harm greater than in everyday life
3. Conflicts of Interest
4. Informed Consent

These are _____ issues pertaining to sociological research.

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Ethical issues

Front 46

_____ is a large social grouping that shares the some geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant culture expectations.

Back 46

Society

Front 47

Examples of _____ income countries would be:
- The United States
- Canada
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Japan
- Western Europe

Back 47

High-income countries

Front 48

Examples of ____ income countries would be:
- Eastern Europe
- Latin American countries like Brazil and Mexico
(industrializing rapidly)

Back 48

Middle-Income countries

Front 49

Examples of ______ income countries would be:
- Nations of Africa
- India
People's republic of China
(People typically work the land)

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Low-income countries

(under-developed countries)

Front 50

_____ is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

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Industrialization

Front 51

_______ is the process by which an increasing proportion of the population lives in cities rather than rural areas.

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Urbanization

Front 52

____ is Emile Durkheim's designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

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Anomie

Front 53

________ _______ is the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post industrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

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Postmodern perspectives

Front 54

______ analysis is an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

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Macro-level analysis

Front 55

______ analysis is a sociological theory and research that focus on small groups rather than on a large-scale social structures.

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Micro-level analysis

Front 56

____ is a statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.

Back 56

Hypothesis

Front 57

____ is sociological research, any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another.

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Variable

Front 58

The ______ variable in an experiment is the variable assumed to be the cause to be the cause of the relationship between variables.

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Independent variable

Front 59

The ____ variable in an experiment, the variable assumed to be caused by the independent variable(s).

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Dependent variable

Front 60

_______ in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

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Validity

Front 61

_____ in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time.

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Reliability

Front 62

______ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

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Culture

Front 63

_______ ______ is a component of culture that consists of the physical or tangible creations (such as clothing, shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share.

Back 63

Material Culture

Front 64

________ _____ is a component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people's behavior.

Back 64

Non-material culture

Front 65

___ are them mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.

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Beliefs

Front 66

_____ _____ are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

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Cultural universals

Front 67

_____ is anything that meaningfully represents something else.

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Symbol

Front 68

____ is a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

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Language

Front 69

_____-_____ ______ is the proposition that language shapes the view of the reality of its speakers.

Back 69

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Front 70

_____ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

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Values

Front 71

______ ____ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive.

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Value contradictions

Front 72

____ are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

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norms

Front 73

____ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

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Sanctions

Front 74

____ are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

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mores

Front 75

_____ are mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

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taboos

Front 76

____ are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

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laws

Front 77

____ is the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable form and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.

Back 77

Technology

Front 78

______ ____ is William Ogburn's term for a gap between the technical development of a society (material culture) and its moral and legal institutions (non-material culture).

Back 78

Cultural lag

Front 79

_____ is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differs in some significant way from that of larger society.

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subculture

Front 80

______ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

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counterculture

Front 81

_____ ____ is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

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culture shock

Front 82

_____ is the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture.

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ethnocentrism

Front 83

_____ _____ is the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.

Back 83

Cultural relativism

(an alternate to ethnocentrism)

Front 84

____ ___ is classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences.

Back 84

High culture

Front 85

____ _____ is the component of culture that consists with activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.

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Popular culture

Front 86

_____ _____ is the extensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations.

Back 86

cultural imperialism

Front 87

Human's & society need ______ to survive. We CREATE society.

Back 87

Culture

Front 88

A ____ is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by a large number of people.

Back 88

Fad

Front 89

A ______ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.

Back 89

Fashion